BI 171 - Fourth Exam - 2007
Answer Key

Each question's number is linked to the relevant part of the online book, if possible (some questions relate to multiple sections).

Multiple Choice.


Place the letter of the choice that best answers the question on the line to the left.
Two Points Each. NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer.



___D___ 1.  Anaerobic metabolism can produce

                    a. Alcohol         b. Carbon dioxide         c. Lactic acid        d. All of these         e. Nasty stuff

                        ...there's a variety of carbon compounds that glucose can be broken down to, even without oxygen.

 


___A___ 2.  Which testing procedure involves radioactive markers?

                    a. Southern Blot         b. Mass spectroscopy        c. Electrophoresis         d. Transduction
                                                e. The one I don't want any part of

                        ...it tags DNA with marked mRNA for a protein whose gene isn't known - it attached to a bit of test DNA,
                                with the radioactivity to indicate which bit.

 


___C___ 3.  Where would one find a typical 2nd messenger?

                    a. Between cells         b. In the membrane        c. In the cytoplasm         d. In the nucleus
                                                            e. In a big brown truck

                        ...the first messenger carries the message to the cell;  the second one carries the message inside the cell.


 

___B___ 4.  Group transfer potential is an important aspect of

                    a. Receptors         b. ATP         c. Glucose         d. Fertilization         e. Passenger trains

                        ...phosphate is the transferred group, carrying all of that energy potential.


 

___D___ 5.  An acrosome is

                    a. What produces spindle                     b. What spindle attaches to                    c. Part of plant seed
                    d. Part of a sperm                                        e. A neat word if you say it with an announcey-type voice

                        ...it's a vesicle carrying the enzymes needed to get to and through the egg cell membrane.

 


___A___ 6.  An embryo can be considered a fetus when

                    a. All of the major structures have appeared                          b. It can live independently
                    c. All of the major structures become functional                    d. All of the basic tissues have formed
                                                      e. It puts in an application and gets a co-signer

                        ..."everything" at least gets started, and then growth and development takes over as the primary
                                process.
 




___D___ 7.  The major electron transport chains produce mostly

                    a. Glucose        b. Carbon dioxide         c. NADH        d. ATP         e. Bondage fantasies

                        ...it's the main fuel-production stage of both photosynthesis (where the fuel is used to synthesize
                                glucose) and aerobic respiration (where the fuel is just used).

 




___A___ 8.  Which are types of pigments?

                    a. Carotenoids         b. Spindles         c. Kinases        d. Ferredoxins         e. Aren't those pork-flavored lozenges?

                        ...just a matching task.



 


___B___ 9.  Prokaryotes use what sort of structure to separate chromosomes during cell divisions?

                    a. Spindles                         b. Attachment points inside the membrane                        c. Microfilaments
                    d. They don't separate them                e. They scold them and give them times-out in different corners

                        ...each chromosome copy is attached well away from the splitting point, in separate halves of the
                                starting cell.

 




___D___ 10.  What is found in an antenna complex?

                    a. Pollen         b. Egg cells         c. Developing embryos        d. Chlorophyll molecules         e. Cell phone signals

                        ...they absorb light and release electrons that are fed into the reaction centers.



 


___B___ 11.  Reradiation happens when electrons

                    a. Jump out a level                     b. Jump inward a level                    c. Leave completely
                    d. Exchange between atoms                    e. Get a mortgage they can't really afford.

                        ...radiation absorption makes an electron (if it's "tuned" to the radiation frequency) jump out;  when it
                                jumps back, that's when radiation comes out at a different frequency.



 


___D___ 12.  Embryonic stem cells are valuable because they can potentially become any type of body cell.
                        Which group has this type of cell?

                    a. Algae         b. Protostomes         c. Prokaryotes        d. Deuterostomes         e. Stemmy types

                        ...only b and d would have embryos;  in protostomes, the cells are "locked in" to becoming particular
                                cell types almost from their formation.



 


___D___ 13.  Which is true about ATP?

                    a. It breaks down to ADP and is made from ADP
                    b. It breaks down to AMP and is made from AMP
                    c. It breaks down to AMP and is made from ADP
                    d. It breaks down to ADP and is made from AMP
                    e. Too many initials! Make it stop! Make it stop!

                        ...a phosphate off the "tri" makes a "di";  you need a "di," plus a phosphate, to make a "tri."

 


___D___ 14. The larger, more permanent form of a land plant is the

                    a. Male         b. Female         c. Gametophyte        d. Sporophyte         e. Well, it's green, right...?

                        ...in land plant evolution, gametophytes had to stay small / close to the ground for sperm migration
                                in water, but the sporophytes could be big - better access to sunlight and height to release spores
                                from.  Even after sporophytes stopped making spores, they were the bigger, permanent part.

 


___D___ 15.  Which involves a positive geotaxis?

                    a. Ameba moving away from the light                            b. Sprouting stem growing up
                    c. Antelope moving away from a predator's scent            d. Sprouting root growing down
                        e. I didn't know they made taxis out of Geos - aren't they too small?

                        ...positive, reacting toward the stimulus;  geo-, of the Earth / gravity.
 



___B___ 16.  Both NAD and FAD

                    a. Only work with ATP                     b. Are taken in as B vitamins                    c. Work in animals but not plants
                    d. Work in plants but not animals                                        e. Um, have "AD"s-?

                        ...this could be done by elimination - none of the others is a workable concept.

 


___A___ 17.  The root tip cells we checked in the lab should

                    a. Be part of a meristem                     b. Have a special chlorophyll                    c. Produce a lot of polar bodies
                    d. All be haploid                                            e. Have been easier to see, seriously

                        ...mitosis lab = cell production;  meristem = tissue that produces new cells.

 


___C___ 18.  In the Polymerase Chain Reaction, the highest temperature is needed to

                    a. Separate the DNA strands from the histones                    b. Get the primers to attach
                    c. Cause the strands of DNA to separate                             d. Purify the samples
                                                            e. Keep the lab nice and toasty

                        ...and then new complementary strands are made from the separated strands, making copies that are then
                                heated to separation, cooled and copied, heated to separation, cooled...
 

 

Short Answer.

Pick NINE questions to answer in the spaces provided.
NOTE: if you answer MORE than nine, only the first nine will be corrected.
Four Points each. Partial credit is possible.

 

1.  In a redox reaction, what happens to the reactant that is -
REDUCED?
                             It gains one or more electrons		 OXIDIZED?
                              It loses one or more electron.
2.  Give two general tissue functions found in both animals and plants.

Linings (epithelium)
 
Structural support (Connective tissue / Ground tissue)
 
3. What are two general rationales found in groups that do alternation of generations?
Sexual stage limited by sperm requirements (early land plants)

Main stage can't move (mobile sexual stage in corals)

 Very complex life cycle with multiple hosts
uses both types' advantages (parasites)
4.  Electrophoresis separates molecules or parts of molecules based upon what two factors?

CHARGE
 		 SIZE
5.  What are two things that happen during Meiosis I that never happen during mitosis?
 

Homologous chromosomes all moved next to
each other.

Double-strand chromosomes stay double stranded at anaphase.

 

 A second division to finish process.

Cell has just one set of chromosomes.
6. What are two basic features of water that keep it moving up vascular systems of large land plants?
 

ADHESION -
Molecules stick to tube linings and "climb"

 

 COHESION -
As water is being used and lost at top, its attachment to other water
molecules pulls them up the tubes.
7. Which particular metabolic reactions involve -
Oxaloacetate?   Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration -
                             it's the main "entry" attachment molecule.
Ammonia?   Protein breakdown for respiration.

 
8.  What are two possible benefits from a life cycle involving metamorphosis?
Allows larvae and adults to occupy different niches and
not compete with each other.		 Allows specialization of one form for dispersal (usually adults).

May reflect alternation of generations strategy.
9.  Give two different classes of signal ligands.
Hormones.

Alarmones.

 Pheromones.

Neurotransmitters.
10.  Growth in a multicellular organism involves what two processes of the cells?
Mitosis / cell production. Cell growth.
11.  What are two different ways that polyspermy is prevented?
After entry of first sperm, all other are blocked from entering
(the membrane changes so their enzymes don't work).

Any extra sperm nuclei that have entered are expelled.

 Cells with more than 2 sets of chromosomes quickly die.
12.  What two fundamentally different things generally happen during interphase?

Cell does whatever its basic function is.

 

 Cell prepares for mitosis (if it's ever
going to divide).
13.  What is one way that genome mapping can be used in basic (non-medical) research?
 

        ...when a gene is isolated and analyzed in one organism, a computer can scan other genomes for homologous sequences and maybe find similar genes in other organisms.

 
14.  How do producers and consumers compare, in terms of -
TOTAL
BIOMASS     Producers have more (bottom of food chain
                              has to have most mass).

 

 NUMBER
OF SPECIES        Consumers have more (many more niches
                                   available - producers have limited niches)
 

 
15.  What are the three major stages by which energy moves through a food chain, in order?
PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS



Long Answer.

Select and answer completely any four of the following questions.
Note: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.
Seven Points Each. Partial credit is possible.
 

1.  For the two steps of photosynthesis, give the names of the steps and for each, list all of the types of energy and/or materials input and output.
FIRST STEP

Light-Dependent
Reaction

 INPUT
              Light

              Water            

OUTPUT
                            ATP  (and NADPH)

                            Oxygen
SECOND STEP

Light-Independent
Reaction

 INPUT

              ATP

              Carbon Dioxide

 OUTPUT
                            Glucose

 
2.  Answer for respiration - Most common fuel -       Glucose.

 
Step done by ALL organisms -

              Anaerobic.
 		 Materials that can act as
terminal electron acceptors -         Oxygen.
                                                  Sulfates.
                                                  Carbonates.
 
3.  Give four sets of differences, for any applicable species, between
SPERM EGG CELLS
Smaller Much larger  (Holds food for embryo)
Produced in much larger numbers. Comparatively fewer made.
Have some way of getting to egg cell. Must be reached by sperm.
From one starting cell, 4 working sperm are made. From one starting cell, one working egg cell
plus 3 polar bodies are made (keeps all
of the food in one cell).
4.  At the points labeled with the stars, attach the appropriate labels from this list:
Violet. X-Ray. InfraRed. Red. Blue. Ultraviolet.
                  More Energy                                                                                    Less Energy
                          High Frequency     \                 Visible Range               /                  Low Frequency
                *                                 * /   *         *                               *    \    *
         X-Ray              Ultraviolet     Violet    Blue                        Red      InfraRed
                                                           These must be visible colors.

 
5. For three different types of model research organisms, give the organism and give an area of basic research that they are commonly used for.
MICE
 		 Many human-centered issues - medical, genetic, chemical, etc.
C. elegans
(roundworm)		 Developmental genetics and chemistry.
Arabadopsis
(Mustard plant)		 Plant functions.
Drosophila
(Fruit flies)		 Genetics.
Neurospora
(Bread mold)		 Metabolic chemistry.
Yeast
 		 Cell processes.
6.  For the three embryonic germ layers in animals, name the layer and give one body system that is mostly derived from that layer.
ECTODERM Skin (yes, that is a system - integumentary).  Nervous.
MESODERM Circulatory.  Excretory.  Skeletal (if skeleton is internal).  Reproductive.
ENDODERM Digestive.  Often respiratory.
7.  Give four basic steps of glycolysis. They don't have to be in-a-row consecutive, but they do need to be in proper order.
Phosphate  from ATP attached to non-ring carbon of glucose.
Glucose rearranged so there's another non-ring carbon.
Phosphate from ATP attached to new non-ring carbon.
Molecule splits into 3 phosphorulated 3-carbon molecules.
Each molecule picks up a free phosphate (no ATP needed).
New phosphates used to make 2 ATP.
Early phosphates used to make 2 ATP.
Molecules swap one carbon dioxide for coenzyme A.
8.  For each stage of actual mitosis, name the stages in order and for each describe one thing that happens only during that stage.
          Interphase is not a stage of mitosis - it's the stage between each mitosis.
PROPHASE Nuclear envelope disappears.
Nucleolus disappears.
Spindles are built.
Spindles attach to chromosomes.
Chromosomes are pulled to cell equator.
METAPHASE Chromosomes are all held in cell equator.
Strands pop apart at centromeres.
ANAPHASE Chromosome strands pulled away from each other.
In plants, cell plate forms.
TELOPHASE Nuclear envelope reappears.
Nucleolus reappears.
Spindles are broken down.


No Answers for BONUS QUESTIONS.

Answer as many or as few as you wish. You can't lose points on the rest of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit is possible.

 

How do fungi reproduce sexually without male or female - what do they do? Three Points.



Why is ATP the basic fuel, rather than the fuel everything makes or consumes? Three Points.

 


Organisms seem to "break" the 2nd Law of thermodynamics. What "loophole" in the law really allows them to do this? Three Points.



 

Algae often use different chlorophylls. What do the different chlorophylls allow some of them to do? Three Points.


 

How does sperm behavior change (from what to what) when it gets close to an egg cell? Three Points.


 

Extra sets of chromosomes are associated with what process in plants? Three Points.


 

Why is vascular tissue critical to the success of pollen? Three Points.





What is the basic purpose of a fruit? Three Points.




Research into what organisms led to the development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique? Three Points.




 

 

 		  

BI 171

McDarby

 

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