BI 173 - First Exam - 2003
Answer Key
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Place the letter of the choice that
best answers the question on the line to the left. Two Points Each.
NOTE: "e"
answers are never the correct answer.
___B___ 1. One of the muscle subtypes is found only in
a.
Arteries
b. Insects
c. Bats and birds
d.
Vertebrates
e. Arnold Schwarzenegger
...it's fibrillar muscle, found in the insect flight systems and capable
of
multiple contractions for each nerve impulse command.
___D___ 2. Which concept is most closely linked to Charles Lyell?
a. Population
control
b. Punctuated evolution
c. Artificial
selection
d. Gradual Evolution
e. The joke about making a small fortune in the wine business
(Punchline: Invest a large fortune)
...the linkage is to Lyell's uniformitarianism, so it will be something
long
and slow.
___A___ 3. Cladistics represents an approach to
a.
Evolution
b.
Genetics
c. Histology
d. Organic
chemistry
e. Terminal confusion
...it also relates to classification, based on the appearance in a family
tree / evolutionary history of certain key features.
___D___ 4. Which type of microscope would most often require sectioned specimens?
a.
Scanning
b.
Electron
c. Light
d.
Transmission
e. The microscopiest
...the imaging beam goes through sections.
___A___5. Mitochondrial DNA is useful to evolutionary biology mostly because
a. It is only inherited along maternal lines
b. It does not recombine each generation
c. It has no active genes
d. It can be extracted better from fossils
e. It sounds more technical than the other choices
...it does not mix-and-match each generation, but is passed in the
egg cells.
___D___6. The adaptive value of an allele is determined by
a.
Dominance
b.
Statistics
c. Its frequency
d.
Circumstances
e. The Internal Revenue Service
...an allele / trait variation is only as valuable as the current conditions
make it.
___C___7. Sexual selection has to exist in a balance between
a. Male and female
b. Available mates and available time
c. Survival success and reproductive success
d. Multiple genes and environmental interactions
e. What you want and what you can get
...it's important to maximize your reproductive success, but not with a
trait too likely to get you killed before you can mate.
___B___8. In some flatworms, flame cells
are part of excretion - where they exist,
waste materials are moved from the tissues to the
more
concentrated fluid of excretory tubes. This process is
a.
Diffusion
b. Active Transport
c.
Osmosis
d. Passive Transport
e. Just one example of the disgusting stuff we have to learn
...no, you haven't had flame cells yet, but that's not the issue -
what's important is that wastes are moving opposite to the
direction diffusion would move them passively.
___D___9. Niche isolation is a necessary step in the process of
a. Sexual
selection
b. The bottleneck effect
c. Natural
selection
d. Adaptive radiation
e. Actually being able to scratch it
...as members of a starting group divide into separate groups with
separate specialties, radiating into new niches.
___C___10. Real success, according to
the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection,
is most closely tied to
a. Acquired
characteristics
b.
Survival
c. Reproduction
d. Mutation
e. Stock portfolios
...it's important to survive, but pointless if you can't pass those traits
on.
___B___11. Which is true for dominant alleles?
a. Their effects are totally based on the DNA
b. Their effects are totally based on the proteins
c. They are more likely to be passed on
d. All of these are true
e. They hang out in leather bars
...it's the coded-for proteins that "do the work."
(And don't jump blindly at "all of the above" answers!)
___B___12. Which should be hardest to properly control?
a.
Observations
b. Field
studies
c. Lab experiments
d.
Hypotheses
e. Drunken nerds in lab coats
...you're basically trying to substitute observational organization for
controls, but it doesn't work too efficiently "out in the wild."
___D___13. Darwin found that the
similarities in species between mainland and islands
were related to
a. Climate
only
b. Proximity only
c.
History
d. Proximity and
climate
e. How seasick (or drunk) he was when he was drawing their
pictures
...Proximity = extent of isolation and uniqueness of starting communities,
climate = the natural part of natural selection.
___A___14. Neo-darwinism sees natural selection as bringing about
a. Shifts in allele
frequencies b. Increased extinctions
c. More and better
adaptations
d. New and different species
e. More stuff I haven’t quite learned yet
...it's natural selection seen through a genetics perspective - evolution
alters the gene pool.
___C___15. The major evolutionary disadvantage to sexual reproduction is
a. Not enough variation
b. The need to always find a mate
c. Successful forms cannot be
copied d. All of the above
e. This is tough - there’s just so little written about it...
...every offspring is going to be different, which is good, but can't
exactly duplicate success.
___A___16. Which molecule type is most functionally dependent upon three-dimensional shape?
a.
Protein
b. Nucleic
Acid
c. Lipid
d.
Carbohydrate
e. The ones you have to look at with special glasses
...the wide array of shapes allows a wide variety of uses.
___D___17. Which function is commonly associated with epithelial tissue?
a. Fat
storage
b. Exerting a pulling force
c. Internal skeletal
support
d. Secretion
e. Does it come in a box or on a roll? ...Never mind...
...it's the major non-lining / surface function of epithelium.
___B___18. A nucleolus should be full of
a.
Sugars
b.
RNA
c. DNA
d.
Membranes
e. Something nasty
...it's the RNA storehouse / processing center
SHORT ANSWER.
Pick TEN Questions to answer in the spaces
provided.
NOTE: if you answer MORE than ten, only the first ten
will be corrected.
Four Points each. Partial credit is possible.
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1. Briefly define either type of genetic redundancy. ...in
one, changes at a single location in a gene's DNA often produces no actual
or effectively no change in the coded protein.
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2. What are two different, specific ways that materials can get across a cell membrane? (Not looking for why they move, but rather how they get through) |
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DIFFUSION |
CARRIERS / ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
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3. Briefly describe two distinctly different ways that gender is determined in animals. |
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1 - UNMATCHED
CHROMOSOME PAIRS (XX-XY) |
3 - GENETIC RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS |
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4. Define syncytium. ...a multinucleated "cell" (from multiple mitosis without cytokinesis or fusion of cells)
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5. What are two different ways that a population can, over time, respond to a change in environment? |
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1- Go extinct |
3 - Survive with distinct change(s) |
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6. What critical feature does a hypothesis require in the Scientific Method? ...there are two possible - it should be predictive and testable.
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7. In what circumstances do animals evolve a resistance to change? ...if they are well-suited to an environment that is extremely stable over long time periods, they "settle in" to this successful form and resist changes.
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8. Briefly explain what it would mean if features from two animal species are analogous but not homologous. ...they are used for the same function but their basic construction is very different.
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9. Translate into modern English: "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny." ...embryological development mimics evolutionary history. An embryo "replays" its family tree.
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10. Why are there so many gaps in the fossil record? ...most fossils are remnants of sediments from bodies of water, but many land areas were previously water body bottoms only intermittently in the past.
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11. Briefly explain an approach to comparative biochemistry that does not involve molecular sequences. ...comparison of metabolic molecules, in specific function and basic construction / derivation.
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12. Give two entirely different types of facts about the pH scale. |
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There are a bunch: - based upon Hydrogen Ion Concentration - numbers are from negative exponents of concentration - acids have more H+, bases more OH- - each unit change is a tenfold change in strength |
- 7 is neutral;
below is acidic; above is basic |
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13. Briefly explain why the role of chance has to be an important consideration in evolutionary biology. ...both mutations and environmental change are chancy, as are whether there will be individuals around that can deal with a particular change.
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14. For an electron microscope (in comparison to a light microscope), give one each - |
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Advantage - has greater resolution |
Disadvantage - more expensive |
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15. For a low chromosome number, give one each - |
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Advantage Sorting for cell division is more efficient |
Disadvantage Produces less variation in off spring
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16. Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment later had to have an exception inserted into it. What is the exception? ...it does not work if genes are linked
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LONG ANSWER.
Select and answer completely any four
of the following questions.
NOTE: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be
corrected.
Six Points Each. Partial credit is possible.
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1. Describe (don’t just use a term) the two ideas about evolution that are generally linked to Lamarck. |
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Parents can pass on traits they have acquired during their lifetime. |
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Evolution is a series of improvements leading to "better" forms. |
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2. Name and give the basic function of three different cytoplasmic (non-nuclear and non-external) eukaryote cell organelles. |
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MITOCHONDRIA |
Aerobic Respiration |
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
Channel Network for moving things |
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GOLGI BODIES |
Production of Secretions |
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| RIBOSOMES | Protein Production | |
| LYSOSOMES | Carry Digestive Enzymes | |
| VACUOLES | Store various things | |
| CHLOROPLASTS | Photosynthesis (not an animal organelle, but still answers the question) | |
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3. What are three matched pairs of differences between |
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FLAGELLA |
CILIA |
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LARGER |
SMALLER |
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RARELY MORE THAN 12 ON CELL |
ALWAYS NUMEROUS ON CELL |
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MAY HAVE ADDED STRUCTURES |
DON'T HAVE ADDED STRUCTURES |
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| TEND TO SPIN | TEND TO STROKE | |
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4. Number the following steps in the order that the current Heterotroph Hypothesis puts them: |
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5. Name, in order of increasing complexity, the organizational levels found in most multicellular animals. |
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1 Cytoplasmic |
4 Organs |
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2 Cells |
5 Organ Systems |
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3 Tissues |
6 Organism |
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6. What are six distinct features / functions associated in general with things that are alive? These would apply to more than just animals. |
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UNIQUE CHEMISTRY (DNA & Protein- Based) |
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HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION (As seen in the question right above!) |
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REPRODUCTIVE (Able to pass traits to offspring) |
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METABOLISM (Chemistry uses & transforms energy) |
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DEVELOPMENT / GROWTH (Life Cycles) |
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INTERACTIONS WITH ENVIRONMENT |
| ABLE TO EVOLVE |
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7. For three requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg Law, name the requirement and describe an evolutionary process that depends upon breaking that requirement. |
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| NO NATURAL SELECTION |
Natural Selection |
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RANDOM MATING |
Sexual Selection |
| LARGE POPULATIONS |
Bottleneck Effect |
| NO MIGRATION | Founder Effect |
| NO MUTATIONS | Genetic Redundancy |
BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many or as few as you wish. You can't lose points on the rest of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit is possible.
Carbohydrates serve a critical function in plants that they rarely do in animals. What is it? Three Points.
What remnant in the fossil record shows when photosynthesis really "took over"? Three Points.
Which human tissue is a syncytium? Three Points. Three Points for another example.
Why did Mendel work on pea plants? Three Points.
Uniformitarianism was an idea that disagreed with what popular ideas of its time? Three Points Each.
Give up to two reasons, for Three Points Each, why Darwin and not Wallace has gotten almost all of the credit for their idea.
Other than evolutionary biology, what discipline is Wallace considered the father of ? Three Points.
What non-biological discipline did Hardy and Weinberg work in? Three Points.