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BI 173 - First Exam - 2007
Answer Key
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Place the letter of the choice that best answers the question on the line to the left. Two Points Each.
NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer.
___C___ 1. Much of neo-darwinism involves taking classic Darwinian patterns and analyzing them using
a. Biogeography b. Ecology
c. Genetics d. Ontogeny
e. PowerPoint pie charts
...Darwin lived before genetics was discovered, but much of the changes of
features is really
shifts in gene patterns, so genetics has become a huge part of modern
evolutionary theory.
___A___ 2. Which would be an example of
divergent evolution?
a. Turtles and snakes in the same group b. Bats and butterflies in totally different groups
c. Similarities between a whale and a submarine d. Any of these would be an example
e. An evolution which, y'know, is divergent
...for divergence, or "branching," you look for different features in related
groups - they would share an
ancestor (that's why they're grouped together), but have followed different
evolutionary paths.
___D___ 3. The "mosaic" part of the fluid mosaic model refers to
a. Phospholipids b. DNA c. RNA
d. Proteins
e. The part that isn't fluid - or is - or...
...the lipids are the free-flowing molecules, with the embedded proteins
giving a mosaic-like pattern
of different bits.
___D___ 4. Recombination is an important aspect of
a. Asexual reproduction b. Embryo development c. Fossil formation
d. Sexual reproduction e. Using leftovers
...it is a blending, recombining chromosome sets, from different sources.
Even if there is only one
parent, it can get different genetic combinations in offspring.
___C___5. According to prevailing current theories, Life on Earth evolved in what
order?
a. Prokaryote, eukaryote, photosynthesis, aerobic respiration
b. Prokaryote, photosynthesis, eukaryote, aerobic respiration
c. Prokaryote, photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, eukaryote
d. Prokaryote, eukaryote, aerobic respiration, photosynthesis
e. Itsy guys, then bitsy guys, then teeny guys, then weeny guys
...all of the "big stuff" (except multicellularity) appeared before
eukaryotes evolved - they can be found
in prokaryotes.
___A___6. "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is a saying associated with
a. Comparative embryology b. Analysis of fossils c. Molecular clocks
d. Genetic expression e. People with excessive vocabularies
...it was the idea, soon discredited but still giving some useful insight,
that an embryo "relived"
the stages of its ancestors as it developed.
___B___7. A gene pool is usually considered to be all of the alleles in a. An individual
b. A population c. A family
d. A species e. An artificial pond
...so it's all of the alleles in all of the individual in a defined group
where they are all in the same
species.
___D___8. Which bonds are the primary bonds of
biological molecules?
a. Covalent and ionic b. Hydrogen and ionic c. Bivalent and covalent
d. Hydrogen and covalent e. Maternal and peer bonds
...the covalent bonds hold the atoms together in molecules, and the hydrogen
bonds hold bits of
molecules in their functional shapes. Ionic bonds mostly come apart in the
water inside cells.
___C___9. Acids and bases produce their effects through
a. Enzymes b. Generation of heat c. Ionic interactions
d. All of these e. Particularly nasty atomic insults
...specifically, interactions with H+ and OH- ions.
___C___10. Which statement fits one of
Mendel's Laws of Genetics?
a. Most mutations are neutral or damaging b. Information is coded into DNA
c. Each parent can only pass on one of any gene's paired alleles to an offspring d. All of these
e. The bad traits are always the other parent's fault
...Mendel never knew about mutations or DNA, both discovered long after his
death.
___D___11. How are microvilli different from
cilia?
a. Microvilli are smaller b. Microvilli numbers are much lower
c. Microvilli are larger
d. Core structures are different
e. Other than my remembering one but not the other-?
...it comes from their different functions - cilia need to move powerfully,
so they have a microtubule core
driving them; microvilli barely need to move at all, and have a few
microfilaments.
___A___12. The advantage of low chromosome numbers shows up mostly during
a. Cell division b. Protein production c. Evolutionary time scales
d. DNA replication e. Choosing between the high fiber or low fiber foods
...during cell division, all of the copied bits of DNA need to be separated
properly into the new cells;
the fewer bits, the fewer mistakes.
___C___13. Fossils are rare for many animals because the ancient animals
a. Were not numerous enough b. Lived for very long times
c. Didn't die under the right circumstance d. Had hard parts that were too simple
e. Didn't have fossil policies
...only organisms with the "right" sort of parts, dying in particular places
or under particular
circumstances, have any chance of being folssilized.
___C___14. Osmosis occurs a. Regardless of the dilution of the solution b. From less dilute to more dilute solutions
c. From more dilute to less dilute solutions d. Only when dissolved particles are free to move
e. Whenever permission is granted
...it's diffusion of water, which happens from high water concentration areas
to low concentration areas.
___B___15. Chromosomes commonly exchange pieces during
a. DNA replication
b. Meiosis c. Mitosis
d. Fertilization e. Meetings in gene bars
...this is when homologous chromosomes pair, giving them the opportunity to
trade pieces.
___A___16. Which
class of organic molecule has only one major basic function in animals?
a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Proteins
d. Water e. Are you sure all the choices are here?
...they do a few minor things, but basically they are sources of energy.
___D___17. The pattern of evolutionary lines in cladistics produces splits when
a. Significant DNA differences arise b. Groups become totally isolated reproductively
c. Older groups become totally extinct
d. When key features arise
e. The pen slips
...it's just part of the basic approach.
___C___18. The function of most of an animal's DNA is
a. Coding for genes b. Production of proteins
c. Unknown
d. Translation of RNA e. To be a totally annoying subject of difficult questions
...we are gradually discovering functions in what was called "junk DNA," but
most of it is pretty
much a mystery.
SHORT ANSWER.
Pick TEN Questions to answer in the spaces provided.
NOTE: if you answer MORE than ten, only the first ten will be corrected.
Four Points each. Partial credit is possible.
| 1. What are two aspects of evolution that have a particularly large
element of chance? |
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Mutation |
Changes in the environment.
Recombination effects. |
2. Define artificial selection.
...this is breeding
domestic organisms, picking the breeding pairs to get certain traits.
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| 3. What are two structural features associated with the
cell nucleus? |
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It has an envelope / double membrane.
It has a fairly dense internal structure
(keeps it a certain shape all the time). |
It allows RNA
in & out but not DNA.
It has an environment specialized for DNA processing. |
4. Briefly but accurately explain how dominant and recessive alleles work.
...it's all the
protein variants that the alleles code for - the proteins from dominant
alleles produce effects powerful enough to completely cover up the effects
of the proteins from recessive alleles. (This is why recessive alleles
often produce non-functional proteins - they're easy to cover up)
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5. In what way are molecular clocks uniformitarian?
...the idea is that
mutations accumulate in the DNA of a family line (after branches separate)
at a reliable average rate - the number of unshared mutations between branch
organisms is used to measure the time since the branches split. It
takes what we know of current mutation rates and assumes they have always
worked the same way - that's uniformitarianism.
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| 6. In general, what are two ways that a population can react over time to a major
environmental change? |
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Continue more-or-less unchanged.
Continue in a distinctly changed form. |
Become extinct. |
| 7. There are two different microscope systems named
according to how the beam interacts
with the specimen between where it is made and where an image is made. Name the two types. |
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Transmission - beam goes through specimen |
Scanning - beam
bounces off specimen |
8. What exactly is it about Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium that makes it important to
evolutionary theory, given that it requires features that don't generally exist in Nature?
...since it talks
about conditions needed to keep everything the same, and evolution is about
change, variations in the "steady state" conditions can be assumed to be
important in evolutionary change.
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9. What easily-detectable feature does any active transport system have?
...it moves things
opposite to the way diffusion would - from low to high concentration areas.
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| 10. Name two muscle subtypes that are both
striated. |
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SKELETAL
CARDIAC |
FIBRILLAR |
| 11. Which two ecosystems were most likely the "staging areas" from which organisms moved
from water to land? |
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TIDAL POOLS |
SHALLOW FRESH
WATER |
| 12. In modern scientific method, what are the two essentially different ways to
test a
hypothesis? |
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CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT |
FIELD TESTING |
| 13. What, in order, are the
four organization levels between protoplasmic and individual? |
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CELLULAR |
TISSUE |
ORGAN |
ORGAN SYSTEM |
14. To what does the Cambrian Explosion refer?
...the appearance of
all major animal groups in the fossil record, where few earlier fossils
exist.
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| 15. What are two different ways that gender can be "set" in animals? |
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UNMATCHED CHROMOSOME PAIRS
SINGLET-DOUBLET CHROMOSOMES |
RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL
CUES |
LONG ANSWER.
Select and answer completely any four of the following questions.
NOTE: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.
Six Points Each. Partial credit is possible.
| 1. For three different classes of animal tissue, name the tissue and give one major use for
that tissue in animals. |
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EPITHELIUM |
Providing
protection. Producing secretions. Sealing outside / inside surfaces.
Keeping organs separate. |
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
Providing
structure. Carrying materials (blood). Storing energy (fat). |
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MUSCLE |
Moving the
animal. Moving blood. Moving materials inside the animal.
Beating wings very quickly. |
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NERVOUS TISSUE |
Picking up
sensory information. Processing input. Making decisions.
Holding memory. Controlling muscles. |
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REPRODUCTIVE TISSUE |
Making sperm,
making egg cells. |
| 2. What are six basic features found in common in all living things? (Not just animals) |
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UNIQUE CHEMISTRY |
COMPLEX,
HEIRARCHICAL ORGANIZATION |
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REPRODUCTION W/ INHERITANCE |
METABOLISM /
ENERGY MANIPULATION |
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DEVELOPMENT / LIFE CYCLES |
INTERACTION W/
ENVIRONMENT |
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ABILITY TO EVOLVE |
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| 3. Answer for one of the two fundamental types of
reproduction. |
| TYPE:
SEXUAL or ASEXUAL |
Definition: SEXUAL:
Offspring are a genetic blend from 2 sources.
ASEXUAL: Offspring are genetic copies or original.
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| Evolutionary Advantage:
SEXUAL - Lots of variety in
offspring.
ASEXUAL - Actually reproduces
original. |
Evolutionary Disadvantage:
SEXUAL - Does not completely reproduce original, even
if it has "great traits."
ASEXUAL - Less variety makes population more vulnerable
to changes.
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| 4. What are four different ways that groups can become reproductively isolated from each
other? |
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Geographically - environmental barriers
separate |
By niche -
subpopulations specialize in new jobs |
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By time - subpopulation becomes active at
different time of day. |
Reproductive
behavior changes in subpopulation. |
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By reproductive time - breeding period shifts
to new time. |
Reproductive
structures change in subpopulation. |
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Subpopulation becomes chemically or
immunologically incompatible with gametes or crossed embryos. |
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| 5. Describe (don't just use a term) the two ideas about evolution that are generally linked to
Lamarck. |
Features that are developed during an
organism's lifetime can be passed to offspring in their changed form.
(Inheritance of acquired characteristics) |
Evolution is progress, a movement toward better forms, following an overall
plan.
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| 6. A group has three possible responses to environmental change. What are they?
Oops, asked this twice! |
| Survival
with no significant change. |
| Survival
with distinct change. |
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Extinction. |
| 7. Give the name and basic function of three different non-nuclear cell organelles, found
in animals, that are not
projections of the membrane. |
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
Internal distribution network |
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GOLGI BODIES |
Materials made for secretion |
VESICLES / VACUOLES
(And any type of these could be considered on its own) |
Storage and
specialized chemical processes, etc. |
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MITOCHONDRIA |
Aerobic respiration |
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RIBOSOMES |
Protein production using RNA |
| 8. Give a simple progression, according to Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection, from the beginning to the end here - |
| The environment around a population changes. |
Some
individuals with features that "fit" the new environment are more likely to
survive /
Individuals with features not suited to new environment more likely not to
survive. |
| Features
better suited to new environment are more common in breeding individuals
than before the change. |
| Offspring
tend to carry features suited to changed environment. Those with
best-suited combinations are still more likely to survive and make more
offspring. |
| On
average, after many generations, the "typical individual" moves toward a new
type, well-suited to the new environment. |
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The population can now be considered a new species.
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NO ANSWERS FOR BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many or as few as you wish. You can't lose points on the
rest of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit is possible.
What features of Life are lacking in viruses? Two Points each.
What two pre-existing systems probably contributed to the evolution of photosynthesis? Three
Points.
What produces the resolution limits on light microscopes? Three Points.
What two non-nuclear eukaryote organelles have their own DNA? Two Points Each.
Thomas Malthus' writings that influenced Darwin were a thinly-hidden warning against what?
Three Points.
What modern discipline was largely developed by Alfred Russel Wallace? Three Points.
Why is mitochondrial DNA so commonly used for comparison studies? Three Points.
Haeckel, the "ontogeny" guy, is often used
as an example of one thing (a) when he's
actually an example of another thing (b).
Three Points each, and make it clear what's
a or b.
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