Place the letter of the choice that
best answers the question on the line to the left. Two
Points Each.
NOTE: "e" answers are never the
correct answer.
___D___ 1. Which would be most involved in breathing
rate?
a. Thalamus &
cerebellum
b. Medulla & cerebellum
c. Midbrain &
hypothalamus
d. Medulla & paleocortex
e. The "in" switch and the "out" switch
...medulla "runs" such basic functions, and
the hypothalamus - part of the
paleocortex - monitors carbon dioxide levels, leading to rate adjustments
___B___ 2. The larger the axon
-
a. The more powerful the
impulse
b. The faster the impulse
c. The less powerful the
impulse
d. The slower the impulse
e. The more it’ll cut into the profits
...impulses travel faster with more membrane / gates
(or insulation)
___A____ 3. Antennal glands are
primarily part of which function?
a.
Excretion
b.
Sensory
c. Digestion
d.
Circulatory
e. Long and wiggly
...structures for waste removal in crustaceans
(lobsters' "green glands")
___D___ 4. A nephron is part of a
a. Lung
b. Heart
c. Gill d. Kidney e.
Car engine
...recognize the "nephr-" part.
___B___5. The term vitamin includes
a. All coenzymes b. Coenzymes that humans can’t synthesize
c. All coenzymes and minerals
d. Coenzymes that animals can’t synthesize
e. Anything that can be crammed into a pill
...generally, this is a very human-centric term.
___B___6. Virtually all animals that excrete uric
acid also
a. Produce defensive
poisons
b. Produce sealed eggs
c. Are endotherms
d. Live in the water
e. Have other disgusting habits
...the nontoxic waste can build up in an egg and not
poison the
occupant.
___C___7. Actual exchange of materials with
tissues happens in
a.
Arteries
b.
Veins
c. Capillaries
d. All of the
above
e. At the exchange counter by the entrance
...part of the definition of these vessels.
___B___8. Which type of receptor
includes those sensitive to gravity?
a.
Hearing
b.
Equilibrium
c. Proprioception
d. Chemoreceptors
e. Plumb-bob-receptors
...static / non-moving equilibrium is a sense of
"up / down."
___B___9. Which are most likely to be osmotic
conformers?
a. Freshwater
animals
b. Marine animals
c. Land
animals
d. All are equally likely
e. Those that give in to osmotic peer pressure
...this question really amounts to, "who can afford
to be in water
balance with their surroundings?"
___C___10. What feature virtually always
appears along with bilateral symmetry?
a.
Endoskeleton
b.
Exoskeleton
c. Cephalization
d. Metanephridia
e. Bisymmetrical laterality
...the production of a front end, with preferred
direction of
movement, is served by balanced right & left.
___D___11. Which is rarely a critical function
of open circulation systems?
a. Nutrient
carrying
b. Immunity
c. Waste
carrying
d. Oxygen carrying
e. Doing insurance paperwork
...open systems usually aren't efficient enough to
carry something
as critical as oxygen - when they do carry oxygen, the animals
have limited oxygen needs.
___A___12. Oxygen debt would occur in
a.
Muscles
b. Tracheal
systems
c. Nervous systems
d. Cooling
systems
e. Only the oddest charge accounts
...no other tissues can do it - or really need to.
___D___13. A parasite whose offspring are
passed in feces would most likely live in the
a. Lymph
system
b. Integument
c. Respiratory
system
d. Intestine
e. Nastiest place it could find - parasites have poor taste in
decor
...here, you just connect the term to the system.
___C___14. Pumps are extremely active during
a. An action potential only
b. An action potential and recovery c. Recovery and a resting potential
d. A resting potential only
e. Spring thaw
...they are needed to set up (recovery) and sustain
(resting) the "ready"
situation, but to kick the action, gates are opened and things just move.
___C___15. A notochord’s two
functions are in which areas?
a. Integumentary and sensory
b. Relaying nerve messages and muscular c. Skeletal and embryological development
d. Pumping and waste removal from blood
e. As a question, utter confusion and absolute despair
...muscles pull against it, and it chemically induces
spinal cord formation.
___D___16. In an ant colony, each ant
can be thought of as equivalent to a
a.
Gamete
b. Muscle
cell c.
Respiratory unit
d. Brain
cell
e. Bug
...their interactions and task-sharing may be most
closely comparable
to how neurons work in a brain.
___C___17. The moving squeeze that pushes food
along a digestive canal is called
a. Appendicular
action
b. Excretion pressure c.
Peristalsis
d. Ecdysis
e. Benjamin, but Benny to its friends
...match the definition to the term.
___A___18. The typical order of neuron
activation is
a. Sensory - interneuron -
motor
b. Sensory - motor - interneuron
c. Motor - interneuron -
sensory
d. Motor - sensory - interneuron
e. Eeneuron, meeneuron, mineuron, moe...
...pick up information, relay and process, react.
SHORT ANSWER.
Pick TEN Questions to answer in the spaces provided.
NOTE: if you answer MORE than ten, only the first ten will
be corrected.
Four Points each. Partial credit is possible.
1. Define serial homology.
...limbs / structures along an animal are a sequence built upon the same
basic structure.
2. Briefly explain, either in general or with a specific
example, the threshold effect.
...this is the idea that a certain minimum input is needed before
something reacts.
3. For animals that excrete ammonia -
Found commonly
in which type of
Aquatic
environment?
Why that
It allows animals to get
rid of
environment? &
disperse this toxic waste.
4. What are the two major functions of the lymphatic
system?
Picks up fluid leaked
from capillaries &
returns it to blood.
Does same with white
blood cells,
and provides staging areas for them (nodes)
5. Which two basic senses rely exclusively on chemoreceptors?
SMELL
TASTE
6. What is the main advantage that a tube digestive
system has over a sac system?
...food can be progressively processed (and more food taken in
while old food is being processed)
7. What are two different structures or specific
tissues, other than epithelium, found in dermis?
Nerves
Connective Tissue
Pigmentation Cells
Blood Vessels
Immunity Cells / WBCs
8. What are the functions of the two ends of an antibody?
One end can attach to a specific
antigen.
One end, once activated, "calls
in" and immune response to whatever it has attached to
9. Give one example each of the two different classes
of insulation used by endotherms.
BODY COVERINGS
(they are all in the same class)
ENVIRONMENTAL
10. What is the main reason why all flatworms are
flat?
...for excretion,
respiration, etc., all body cells are fairly close to a surface.
11. What are two different adaptations that
maintain osmotic homeostasis in freshwater animals?
PUMPING WATER OUT
WATERPROOFING
12. Show in a labeled diagram how a typical animal
heat exchanger works.
<---------------------- BLOOD BEING WARMED BY OUTGOING BLOOD
WARM
BODY
COLD EXTREMITY
BLOOD LOSING HEAT TO INCOMING BLOOD----------------->
13. What are two advantages that endoskeletons
have over exoskeletons?
LIGHTER, GIVES
POTENTIAL FOR GREATER SIZE
GROWS CONTINUOUSLY (NO
MOLTING NEEDED)
14. What are the three structures used by cells
for movement? NOT muscles.
FLAGELLA
CILIA
PSEUDOPODS
15. What two features do respiratory surfaces
have to have?
THIN
WET
16. Vertebrate blood commonly carries two dissolved
materials that are, for all metabolic purposes, chemically
inactive. What are they?
ALBUMINS (DILUTION ADJUSTERS)
NITROGEN
LONG ANSWER.
Select and answer completely any four
of the following questions. NOTE: if you answer more than four, only the first four
will be corrected.
Six Points Each. Partial credit is possible.
1. For three regions of the animal digestive canal,
name the region and give one organ or structure associated with
that region.
RECEIVING
Mouth, salivary glands, buccal
cavity, pharynx
CONDUCTION & STORAGE
Crop, esophagus
GRINDING & PREDIGESTION
Teeth, gizzard, stomach, diverticula
TERMINAL DIGESTION & ABSORPTION
Intestines, liver
WATER ABSORPTION, WASTE CONCENTRATION
Colon, rectum, cloaca
2. Virtually all advanced excretory organs follow
the same processing steps. What are they, in order?
BLOOD GETS PHYSICALLY FILTERED -
SMALL PARTICLES LEAVE
PARTICLES LOST BUT STILL NEEDED ARE
REABSORBED
MATERIALS REQUIRING EXCRETION THAT
DIDN'T GO THROUGH FILTER ARE SECRETED
3. What are six different functions that are
performed by integument?
PROTECTION
INSULATION
WATERPROOFING / OSMOTIC CONTROL
SENSORY
SENSORY
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
EXCHANGE - RESPIRATION, EXCRETION
CAMOUFLAGE & DISPLAY
SECRETIONS
4. Describe or define three of the five
different classes of feeding found in animals. (Note - one
class has subclasses - they don’t count!)
STRAINING FOOD FROM WATER (FILTER /
SUSPENSION FEEDING)
SCRAPING SURFACE FOOD OR EATING
SEDIMENT (DEPOSIT FEEDING)
DIRECT ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
EATING FOOD IN DISCRETE PIECES / CHUNKS
(MASSED FOOD FEEDING)
TAKING LIQUIDS FROM PLANTS AND/OR
ANIMALS (FLUID FEEDING)
5. For the three cellular elements of blood, give
the name and the basic function
ERYTHROCYTES / RED BLOOD CELLS
OXYGEN CARRIERS
LEUCOCYTES / WHITE BLOOD CELLS
IMMUNITY
PLATELETS / THROMBOCYTES
CLOTTING / COAGULATION
6. For ectotherm / poikilotherms:
Define - Do NOT keep a
constant internal temperature - temperature is largely determined by
environment.
One advantage
Has much lower energy (food & oxygen) needs overall.
over ectotherms-
One disadvantage
- Enzyme systems are less efficient, not always being at optimal
temperature.
compared to
- More enzymes needed (may need same-process,
different-temperature enzymes)
ectotherms -
- Quick "on-demand" responses less
reliable (cold may produce sluggishness)
7. Give three sets of differences between the nerve
cords in:
INVERTEBRATES
VERTEBRATES
VENTRAL
DORSAL
DOUBLE
SINGLE
SOLID
HOLLOW
BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many or as few as you wish. You
can't lose points on the rest of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit
is possible.
Movie monster giant bugs couldn’t exist for
a number of reasons, one being that they would be heavier than their muscles
could support. Three Points each, what other reasons preclude beetles the size
of Volkwagens?
Where (fairly specifically) might one find anaerobic
protozoans? Three Points.
There is a correlation between a person’s
ancestral skin color and what aspect of their ancestor’s
environment? Three points.
What limitation of cephalopods
probably allowed the rise of the vertebrates? Three Points.
What part of the human circulatory system
is essentially open? Three Points.
What is it about some allergies that
make them more likely to produce extremely serious reactions? Three Points.
How do cuttlefish communicatewith each other? Three Points.