___C___ 1. Which system works better for relatively small animals?

                    a. Insulated neurons             b. Non-insulated neurons            c. Compound eyes
                    d. Single-lens eyes                        e. Buying in the children’s section

                        ...since small lenses can be close to their focal points and receptors, they
                            can be used on small animals without taking up too much space.

___B___ 2. Animals that produce uric acid likely have what other feature in common?

                    a. Endothermy             b. Sealed eggs            c. Open circulation systems
                    d. Bright colors                    e. Ummmm...they’re, uh, like, animals-?

                        ...the non-toxic waste product can build up in there without poisoning the embryo.

___A____ 3. Which term is particularly based upon human physiology?

                    a. Epidermis                 b. Spinal cord                 c. Vitamins
                    d. Peristalsis                                 e. Smarmy

                        ...it means "above the dermis," which only applies to mammals which have
                            a dermis.

___A___ 4. The initial stages of inflammation involve

                    a. Capillaries                 b. Red blood cells                 c. Lymph
                    d. Hypothalamus                     e. A match

                        ...capillaries expand to allow wbc's out, but it swells and reddens and warms
                            the tissues.

___D___5. Terrestrial animals that move into aquatic niches still breathe air because of their

                    a. Temperature regulation                         b. Circulation systems
                    c. Excretory processes             d. Metabolic rates            e. Inability to cancel the contract

                        ...even ectotherms are too dependent on atmospheric oxygen levels to make it
                            on the relatively little bit that dissolves in water.

___D___6. A notochord is a critical feature in

                    a. Protonephridia                     b. Tracheal systems                    c. Open circulation systems
                    d. Vertebrate embryos                                        e. Musical criticism

                        ...they can't form a spinal cord without one.

___A___7. An animal with a brain in its head should also have

                    a. Bilateral symmetry                     b. Lungs                    c. A spinal cord
                    d. A dermis                        e. More sense than to take exams

                        ...brain/head = cephalization.  Lead end requires balance propulsion behind.

___D___8. Oxygen debt is something that builds up in

                    a. Central nervous systems                     b. Cardiac muscles                    c. Gills
                    d. Skeletal muscles                                            e. Highly-polluted cities

                        ...it's the only normal tissue that can do it.

___C___9. What is an advantage of a tube digestive system?

                    a. Only it can utilize enzymes                     b. Better distribution of nutrients
                    c. More continuous intake                          d. Better excretion
                                                            e. Less yicky

                        ...since the food moves through on way, more food can follow it down.

___D___10. A glomerulus functions in

                    a. Sensory processing             b. Memory processing            c. Pumping blood
                    d. Excretion                                        e. Making your merulus visible in the dark

                        ...it's the filtering portion of a vertebrate kidney.

___D___11. Serial homology often is obvious in

                    a. Gills                 b. Kidneys                 c. Lungs                 d. Legs
                                e. Cardboard boxes with cartoon characters on them

                        ...all using the same base structure.

___B___12. In autoimmune diseases, body tissue molecules are

                    a. Treated as antibodies                                b. Treated as antigens
                    c. Altered by clotting enzymes                      d. Broken down with digestive enzymes
                                        e. Driven everywhere by chauffeurs

                        ...antigens = "foreign" molecules.  Autoimmune = immune to self.

___A___13. Which would have the same function as contractile vacuoles?

                    a. Kidney             b. Heart             c. Lung             d. Stomach            e. Vacuolar contractilators

                        ...water control - removing excess.

___B___14. A typical invertebrate nerve cord would be

                    a. Ventral, hollow, single             b. Ventral, solid, double            c. Dorsal, hollow, double
                    d. Dorsal, hollow, single                        e. How many possible combinations are there-?

                        ...just a list you need to know.

___C___15. Calcification occurs when

                    a. Motor neurons contact muscle fibers                     b. Exoskeletons are prepared for a molt
                    c. Large invasive organisms are isolated                    d. Synapses are activated
                                            e. You let a glass of milk sit out overnight

                        ...too big for wbc's to fight.

___A___16. Which typically have valves?

                    a. Veins                         b. Arteries                     c. Capillaries           
                    d. Lymph vessels                     e. Musical instruments

                        ...blood in them has weakened "push," can't be allowed to back up.

___D___17. Static equilibrium is a sense attuned to

                    a. Lateral movement             b. Forward movement            c. Homeostasis
                    d. Gravity                                    e. Getting your radio station right

                        ...nonmoving balance sense = sense of up-and-down.

___C___18. The terminal ends of a tracheal system performs a function that in other animals is done by

                    a. Lungs             b. Gills             c. Capillaries            d. Metanephridia
                                                        e. Some sort of structure

                        ...that is, distribution of oxygen to the cells.

Answer as many or as few as you wish. You can't lose points on the rest of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit is possible.

Human skin coloration has evolved as a balance between what two internal processes? Three Points each.

What human structure uses a sort of hydrostatic skeleton? Three Points.

In many decent-sized animals, locomotion energy comes from a combination of muscles and what other source? Three Points.

Why are flame cells called that, exactly? Three Points.

Why, exactly, do vertebrates require dedicated blood cells for oxygen transport? Three Points.

Digestion of which material almost always requires symbiotic organisms? Three Points

The flatworms in the training experiment showed an awareness of something that they aren’t supposed to have. What was that awareness? Three Points.

Why don’t most aquatic organisms require a dedicated set of processors for hearing? Three Points.

Give an example of a sense that is classified as having a particular type of receptor, and briefly explain how it could be classified under a different receptor type. Four Points.