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BI 173 - Third Exam - 2007
Answer Key
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Place the letter of the choice that best answers the question on the line to the left. Two Points Each.
NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer.
___D___ 1. Photosynthesis is commonly found in
a. Turbellaria b. Sponges c. Apicomplexans
d. Flagellates e. The hardest questions
...they are the most likely to be plant-animals,
although corals may have photosynthetic symbionts
in them (that's why cnidarians aren't a choice).
___B___ 2. Most action-oriented hormones in vertebrate systems get released as a response to
a. Direct feedback to the particular gland
b. Tropic hormones
c. Nervous connections to the particular gland d. Releasing factors
e. Peer pressure
...the key word here is "response" - the direct
input that gets these hormones released is tropic
hormones "telling" the glands to release them.
___D___ 3. It is found that a male cardinal will attack any of these: another cardinal, another red bird, a round red swinging pendulum;
it won't attack an accurately-painted model of a cardinal. This indicates that one possible sign stimulus is
a. An intruder bird b. A competing male c. Territory
d. Motion e. Being punked by researchers
...an accurate model would be red but not moving;
here, it looks like the sign stimulus is motion (we
haven't tested the red part here, every choice is red).
___D___ 4. Symbiotic organisms are likely to perform a critical part in
a. Coordination of muscles b. Digestion of animal tissues c. Production of hormones
d. Digestion of plant tissues e. Helping figure out which tops go with which pants
...very few animals have enzymes that can handle
plant fiber; they need their symbionts for that.
___A___5. Vitamins are defined as
a. Coenzymes that humans cannot synthesize b. Coenzymes that humans must synthesize
c. Enzymes that humans cannot synthesize d. Enzymes that humans must synthesize
e. Those chemicals invented by the Flintstones
...the definition may not always be reliably
followed, but that's it.
___D___6. Which is not a type of hormone action?
a. Metabolic b. Flight or fight c. Digestive
d. Salivary e. The irritated punch to the face
...saliva is an exocrine secretion - not even the
right type of gland.
___C___7. Which are examples of particularly
intelligent invertebrates?
a. Octopus & dolphin b. Bees & chimpanzee
c. Squid & ants d. All of these
e. I see no signs of intelligence anywhere
...it's the only choice without vertebrates in it.
___B___8. People who have had Giardiasis (beaver fever) resist reinfection because
a. They have become immune
b. The parasites prevent it c. The parasites leave the system
d. All of these e. It was just too much fun the first time - they couldn't stand that much fun again
...you don't get immune to intestinal microbes -
you have to depend on your resident parasites helping
you out.
___B___9. Target cells are the "targets" of
a. Digestive enzymes
b. Hormones c. Neurotransmitters d. Particular neuron types e. Bio-bullets
...they're the ones with those hormones' receptors.
___B___10. Proglottids should contain
a. Attachment structures
b. Reproductive structures c. Radial symmetry
d. Cilia e. Some sort of warning stickers:
Could make students' brains overload
...part of knowing what they are is knowing what
they do.
___A___11. Which go through alternation of generations?
a. Corals & malaria parasites b. Trematodes & sponges
c. Tapeworms & amebas d. Hydras & sponges
e. The ones that can't make up their ganglia
...match the feature with the group examples.
___D___12. Which are sessile?
a. Ciliates & flagellates b. Trematodes & cestodes c. Amebas & rotifers
d. Sponges & coral polyps e. You made that word up
...these would be types that don't typically move
around - they just sit there.
___C___13. Which study is in a "gray" zone where it might be ethology, but it might
not? a. Determining pain responses in dissected crickets
b. Studying grizzly bears by watching them through binoculars
c. Tracking coyote feeding patterns in suburban settings
d. Observing dolphin social interactions in Sea World enclosures
e. Watching lots of tv and sleeping, if I can get funding for it
...are the suburbs a "natural environment"?
Ethology studies behavior in Nature.
___C___14. When a ciliate with one micronucleus and one macronucleus needs to
replace a worn-out macronucleus, it gets a new one by
a. Fixing the old macronucleus b. Changing the micronucleus into a macronucleus
c. Copying the micronucleus and changing a copy d. Copying the macronucleus
e. Going to
Macromanager.com
...all new nuclei, both types, come from
micronuclei copies - but they need to make copies first so there's always
a "back-up" micronucleus to use.
___D___15. Reaching the threshold point in a synapse depends upon
a. The connection of two insulation cells b. Where the neuron membranes meet
c. The sequence of gates opening
d. Enough receptors picking up enough neurotransmitters
e. There being something to hold some thres in
...you only get an impulse in the next cell by
reaching the theshold of enough neurotransmitter molecules
on enough receptors.
___A___16. Which interact directly with receptors that are inside the cell?
a. Steroid hormones b. Neurotransmitter c. Digestive enzymes
d. Exocrine secretions e. Cellular sneaky stuff
...the lipid nature of steroid allows them to pass
through the membrane.
___C___17. Which group is almost exclusively found in
fresh water?
a. Ciliates b. Sponges
c. Rotifers d. Trematodes
e. The fresh water sea bass - no, wait a minute...
...it's a feature of the group.
___D___18. Of the Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Platyhelminthes, which must be in a watery environment to be active?
a. All but Platyhelminthes b. Only Protozoa c. Only Porifera and Protozoa
d. All of them
e. Isn't it embarrassing to wet the environment?
...none of them have barriers to allow activity in
air - and they're all found either in water or hosts.
SHORT ANSWER.
Pick TEN Questions to answer in the spaces provided.
NOTE: if you answer MORE than ten, only the first ten will be corrected.
Four Points each. Partial credit is possible.
| 1. What are two characteristics shared by both Porifera and Cnidaria, which are not found
in the "higher" animals? |
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Only 2 cell layers.
Mesoglea layer. |
Amebocytes
(replacement cells). No organs
(maybe no tissues). |
2. Define: intermediate host.
...host
where asexual phase of life cycle takes place.
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| 3. What two adaptations found in animals serve to
increase the velocity of nerve impulses? |
Bigger axons |
Insulated axons.
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4. What is usually the purpose of ritualized behavior?
...to
avoid agonistic / fighting behavior.
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5. Define: benthic.
...living on the bottom of bodies of water.
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| 6. Name or describe two different approaches used to increase surface for absorption of
nutrients in digestive systems. |
|
Fold inner lining.
Produce outpockets. |
Extend lining
with villi. Coat lining cells
with microvilli. |
| 7. For each vision system, give
one advantage it has over the other. |
| Compound
Lens:
Requires less internal head space. |
Single-
Lens: Probably produces
better resolution. |
| 8. Define so that the differences between these behavior terms are clear: |
ULTIMATE
CAUSATION:
Evolutionary reason for a behavior pattern.
|
PROXIMATE
CAUSATION: Immediate reason for a particular
behavior. |
| 9. What are the two major functions (not the parts, but what they do) of the
vertebrate
hindbrain? |
|
Control of automatic functions
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Coordination of motor functions.
|
| 10. Give examples of
two different classes of warning displays. |
|
Basic "stand out" coloration.
Startle. |
Increase in apparent size. |
| 11. In general, processing in vertebrate brains has evolved through which
stages? |
| 1
Linear |
2 Nodal |
3 Parallel |
| 12. What are two good things that a tube digestive system can do but a
sac digestive system
can't? |
|
Allows "continuous" input of food. |
More efficient
step-by-step breakdown in specialized regions. |
| 13. Answer with some detail: what two critical items factor into a species evolving
territoriality? |
Cost of territory
|
Benefit of territory |
| 14. Give two sets of differences between
Cnidarian - |
| POLYP FORM |
MEDUSA FORM |
|
Asexual |
Sexual |
|
Sessile |
Mobile |
|
Mouth points up |
Mouth points
down |
|
Tentacles on top |
Tentacles hang
down |
| 15. Answer for
nerve nets: |
Feature that makes
Impulses go both ways in
them different from
same axons.
other systems: |
Characteristic
feature of which
Cnidaria
Phylum? |
| 16. For animals, a critically important evolutionary step shows up in the platyhelminths. |
WHAT
Mesoderm
IS IT? |
WHY IS IT
Allows production of complex internal organs
SO IMPORTANT?
and organ systems.
|
LONG ANSWER.
Select and answer completely any four of the following questions.
NOTE: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.
Six Points Each. Partial credit is possible.
| 1. Briefly explain how input and output track through a typical nervous system, and include
the general types of structures (including neuron types) involved. |
| RECEPTORS
pick up stimuli and convert it to impulses. |
| SENSORY
NEURONS / AFFERENT NEURONS carry impulses into system. |
|
INTERNEURONS process input, consult memory, make and coordinate response. |
| MOTOR
NEURONS / EFFERENT NEURONS carry impulses out. |
| MUSCLES
and/or GLANDS respond. |
| 2. For three basic regions of animal tube digestive systems, give the name of the region
and then describe something that happens there that is not included in the basic name. |
|
RECEIVING REGION |
Food items are caught and
taken in. |
|
CONDUCTION AND STORAGE REGION |
Swallowing; placement
in cheek pouches or crop. |
|
GRINDING AND PREDIGESTION REGION |
Use of teeth or gizzard;
processing by acids. |
|
TERMINAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION REGION
|
Enzyme-based hydrolysis;
emulsification of lipids; movement of nutrients into circulation. |
|
WATER ABSORPTION, WASTE CONCENTRATION REGION |
Feces are produced;
some hard-to-process materials are processed, possibly by symbionts. |
| 3. Give three different advantages for each. (Not looking for comparative sets here!) |
| SOCIAL BEHAVIOR |
NONSOCIAL BEHAVIOR |
| Defense. |
Camouflage. |
|
Reproductive access. |
Reproductive exclusivity. |
| Various
types of cooperation |
Better in food extremes. |
| |
Better with solitary /
non-divisible foods. |
| |
More holding capacity for
most environments. |
| 4. What are six different types of environmental input that can be perceived with animal
senses? (Different means that fairly different types of receptors are used) |
|
Chemicals on a surface (taste) |
Chemicals
released into environment (smell) |
Vibrations
carried through environment (hearing) |
|
Physical contact (touch) |
Various aspects
of light (sight) |
Up & down
(static balance) |
|
Movement direction (moving balance) |
Electromagnetic
fields |
InfraRed / Heat |
|
Earth's magnetic field |
|
|
| 5. Name three major parts of the vertebrate forebrain, and for each, briefly
describe one
thing that is processed there. |
THALAMUS
|
Sensory input processing; memory connections; memory storage. |
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
"Primitive urges"; monitoring of body functions; command of
pituitary. |
CEREBRUM
|
Thought center; decision making; emotion processing. |
| 6. Name the three stages involved in a nerve impulse in an axon, and for
each briefly
explain what's happening in the cell. |
RESTING POTENTIAL
|
Ionic imbalance maintained between outside of
cell and surroundings
(more positive outside) |
ACTION POTENTIAL / IMPULSE
|
Wave of gates open, allowing fast movement of ions to neutrality
(Depolarization) |
RECOVERY
|
Ions are pumped, mostly out, to reset resting potential. |
| 7. For the three major subgroups of Platyhelminthes, give the group name and explain
where one would most likely find specimens from that group. |
TURBELLARIANS
|
Mostly free-living in environment. |
TREMATODES
|
On outsides and insides of various host animals. |
CESTODES
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As adults, in intestines of vertebrate hosts. |
| 8. Give three of the four major subgroups of protozoans, and for each give one characteristic
found in that group that makes it distinct from the other groups. |
SARCODINES
|
Almost always have some
sort of pseudopod.
(Mastigophorans can sometimes, but rarely.) |
MASTIGOPHORANS
|
Almost always have at least
one flagellum.
(Sarcodines can sometimes, but rarely.) |
APICOMPLEXANS
|
Always parasites, with
alternation of generations. |
CILIATES
|
Have cilia. |
No key for BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many or as few as you wish. You can't lose points on the rest
of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit is possible.
In humans, what's the primary purpose of saliva? Three Points.
Which metabolic waste is often mixed with feces before it leaves the body? Three Points.
Why might an animal eat dirt? Two Points Each.
How can we "afford" a blood-brain barrier? Three Points.
We actually have six legitimate, recognized senses. Which one is usually lumped in with one of
the other five (Two Points), and why isn't it considered a separate sense (Two Points)?
Why would an animal exhibit a form of communication that it didn't have a sense to detect? Three
Points.
Some animal features are not for survival, but to attract the attention of mates, kind of an
advertisement that says, "you should make babies with me, because they'll be more likely to survive."
Such features as moose antlers, peacock tails, and human breasts, even jewelry and a fancy car are of this type. What about such features makes it reasonable to think that the possessor
actually is better able to get the essential
resources of life? Three Points.
What odd ability do slime molds have? Three
Points.
Briefly explain why ciliate sex could be
considered a form of suicide. Three Points.
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