2. Doing experiments with large groups or many repetitions helps. Why?

                    a. It better defines your terms
                    b. It is necessary for a control group
                    c. It reduces the influence of chance
                    d. It produces quantitative results
                    e. It keeps scientists from getting lonely

3. Which term is applied generally to any group of energy-using chemical reactions? 

                    a. Metabolism                 b. Sum total                 c. Genes 
                   d. Photosynthesis                        e. Anything’s fine as long as they don’t explode

4. Which is most obviously applied science?

                    a. Studying mating of Amazon butterflies
                    b. Studying bird preferences for birdseed ingredients
                    c. Determining the materials in the atmosphere of Jupiter
                    d. Determining the role of a species of moss in an ecosystem
                    e. Investigating the sanity of the guy who makes Miller Lite commercials

5. According to the most current definition, a group is a species if the members

                    a. Cannot breed outside the group
                    b. Cannot breed outside the group and produce offspring that are fertile
                    c. Share no ancestors outside the group
                    d. Don’t breed outside the group in nature
                    e. Are really snotty to any outside their group

6. A double-blind study is designed to

                    a. Remove the placebo effect                     b. Control for the placebo effect
                    c. Remove the doctor’s influence              d. Better define the groups
                                                e. Keep the room very, very dark

7. In modern classification systems, closely-related groups are assumed to have

    a. Evolved from common ancestors recently
    b. Basic physical similarities
    c. The same roles in an ecosystem
    d. All the same cells 
    e. Cosigned each others’ loans

8. Some organisms look today remarkably like their ancestors, going back many millions of years. Over this time span they have most likely 

                    a. Not reproduced                     b. Lived in an unchanging environment 
                   c. Become extinct                      d. Adapted to many changes
                                        e. Had extensive plastic surgery

9. An artifact is a

                    a. Result of the actual process of experimenting
                    b. Part of the laboratory apparatus
                    c. A second- or third-hand observation
                    d. Characteristic of living cells.
                    e. Is a true thing that Arthur told you

10. Which is a "legal" species name?

                    a. Wylii Coyotii                 b. bugsius bunnius                 c. devilis Tasmaniis 
                   d. Marvinus martianus             e. Anything not owned by Bill Gates or Disney

11. Which is a code for a protein? 

                    a. Cell                 b. Gene             c. Data            d. Atom             e. Oteinpray

SHORT ANSWER. 

Answer any ten of the following questions for 7 Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than ten, only the first ten will be corrected.

1. In what ways does the fossil record strongly support the concept of evolution?

2. What are two different types of features used to determine how organisms are related to each other?

3. What are two different types of situations an newly-dead organism can be in that would give it a good chance of becoming a fossil?

4. What basic structural unit do all known organisms have in common?

5. Hypotheses should produce predictions that can be tested. What are the two main, mostly different ways that such testing can be done?

6. Describe what makes an organism colonial.

7. Paleontologists use a few fossil bones to determine how a long-extinct animal lived. What basic feature of living things is at work here?

8. What two features are most important in the idea that an experiment should be reproducible?

9. To chemically stabilize, what are two of the three things an atoms might do with electrons?

10. What are two different (there are more than two) requirements, put in at the design stage, that help assure reliable results in an experiment?

11. What are two distinctly different types of ways that observations can be made?

12. Briefly explain how evolution by Natural Selection is supposed to work.

13. When the results of an experiment contradict the hypothesis, what scientific term is applied?

14. Place the following terms in correct sequence, largest to smallest: phylum, species, genus, order, subclass, family, class, kingdom, superfamily.

15. Why is it wrong for scientists to say their results "proved" something? What should they say instead?

16. Put these in proper order, where each step is a combination of the steps leading into it:

cells, organism, organs, organ systems, tissues.

17. If a scientist thinks that a group of organisms has been classified incorrectly, what is he...

LONG ANSWER. 

Answer any four of the following questions for 16 Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.

1. Fill in the following for the path that Energy takes through an ecosystem..

2. Describe (that’s more than a simple name) four different areas of confounding factors for experiments.

3. Fill in the table for the two basic types of reproduction.

4. The organism you’re studying has both male and female systems. What are three ways to tell if male sperm or female egg cells are being produced?

5. For each type of model used in experiments listed below, give one advantage and one disadvantage.

6. Pick an element from the Periodic Table (something other than Hydrogen). For an uncharged atom of that element, give the... 

Element Name _________                                             Element Symbol ________

Atomic Number _________                         Most Likely Atomic Weight ________

Number of Protons _________             Most Likely Number of Neutrons ________

Number of Electrons __________

7. Name and define three of the terms applied to interactions among organisms.

8. For four of the five Kingdoms given in the textbook, name the Kingdom and give the trait or combination of traits that make species in that Kingdom absolutely different from species in the other four Kingdoms.

BONUS QUESTIONS. 

Answer as many as you are able. Wrong answers will not result in points being lost from the main exam.

Make a qualitative observation about this exam. Five Points.

In an experiment, what’s the (4 Points Each):

    Independent variable?

In what way are placebos in most modern drug studies not quite perfect? Four Points.

What things are considered "alive" by some biologists but not by others because they break too many of the "features of living things" rules? Four Points.

What basic biological questions almost insist on using spontaneous generation as part of the answer? Four Points.

Sea snakes are determined to be closely-related to cobras based upon what feature? Four Points.

Why exactly would a flower be red? Four Points.

Other than its size and speed, how is the orbit of an electron different from that of a planet? Four Points.