On the line to the left, place the letter of the choice that best answers the question.
NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer. Six Points Each.

1. A solution with a pH of 10 is

__________   a. Twice as acidic as a pH 9 solution        b. Ten times as acidic as a pH 9 solution
                            c. Twice as basic as a pH 9 solution         d. Ten times as basic as a pH 9 solution
                                                            e. Is that a term or a cat spitting?

2. Which is most likely to have a stable ion with a +2 charge?

__________    a. Phosphorus, from Column 5                 b. Barium, from Column 2
                        c. Selenium, from Column 7                     d. Krypton, from Column 8
                                        e. Is it too late to take basket-weaving instead...?

3. Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration reactions seem to be "mirror images,"
                                but the one major other difference is

__________    a. The form of the energy involved             b. Only one involves oxygen
                        c. Only one involves water                         d. There is no other difference
                                            e. One is vain and keeps looking in the mirror

4. A cell wall can help a cell resist osmotic pressure by

__________   a. Stopping the flow of water                 b. Pushing water back out
                       c. Stopping the expansion of the cell      d. Balancing solute levels
                                    e. Giving it lots of loving encouragement

5. Which sort of point mutation would probably have the worst effect?

__________    a. Single break                             b. Substitution of a base
                        c. Deletion of a base                    d. RNA swap
                                            e. I’m afraid I don’t get the point

6. Which is true about polar molecules? It must have...

__________    a. Opposite charges at each end             b. At least one partial charge
                        c. At least two full charges                     d. At least one double bond
                                            e. Heard at least one joke about being cold

7. Microtubules, the driving force of flagella, are made up of

__________    a. Carbohydrate                     b. Lipid                     c. Nucleic Acid
                        d. Protein                                         e. Little tiny tube-thingies

8. Which could probably be found embedded in a cell’s outer membrane?

__________   a. Transfer RNA             b. Pore proteins            c. Microtubules 
                       d. Ribosomes                        e. Bugs that hit the windshield

9. The water in a fresh-water aquarium, compared to the cytoplasm of any organisms 
                        living in that aquarium, is a(n)

__________    a. Hypertonic solution                             b. Isotonic solution
                        c. Hypotonic solution                              d. Hydrotonic solution
                                                                e. Gin-and-tonic solution

10. A common result of many biological processes is that Hydrogen "pops off" molecules 
                        (where it had no charge)and flies free as H+. These processes are

__________    a. Oxidation reactions                         b. Plasmid reactions
                        c. Reduction reactions                        d. Enzyme reactions
                                                            e. Who the H cares?

11. Lactase is used to digest, or break down, molecules of lactose, so it would be

__________   a. A carbohydrate involved in dehydration synthesis
                            b. A protein involved in dehydration synthesis    
                            c. A protein involved in hydrolysis
                            d. A carbohydrate involved in hydrolysis
                            e. When did the exam stop being in English?

SHORT ANSWER.  

Answer any ten of the following questions for 7 Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than ten, only the first ten will be corrected.

1. Give two specific examples of functions of specialized vacuoles.

2. What do histones do?

3. For each, give an advantage that one has over the other:

4. Several general classes of important organic molecules are polymers. What are two?

5. Show, with arrows and labels, which way materials should move in the following circumstance:

54% Phosphate                                                     Cytoplasm: 74% water, 3%
Fertilizer Solution.                                                 Phosphate, 23% Other Solutes.

6. What is active transport?

7. What are two statements from Schleiden’s & Schwann’s Cell Theory?

8. A cell membrane has a "Fluid" component. What are two features found in just that part of the membrane?

9. When RNA is picking up a gene code, how does it "know" where to stop?

10. Carbon is a Column 4 element in the Periodic Table; Oxygen is Column 6. Briefly explain why Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) is more stable than Carbon Monoxide (CO).

11. What are two structures or organelles (not molecules!!) associated with the nucleus?

12. The glucose produced by photosynthesis is put to what two major uses by the plants that make it?

13. What are two features of materials held together by ionic bonds?

14. Define karyotype.

15. Limitations on cell size are connected to the surface-to-volume ratio as cells get larger. Why does a cell need a certain amount of surface for its volume?

16. Working cells in a secreting gland should have more of which two organelles than other, non-secreting cells?

17. What are two different types of uses that organisms get from lipids?

18. Why do Barr bodies exist? (Not what are they, but why?)

Answer any four of the following questions for 16 Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than five, only the first four will be corrected.

1. Name and describe the structural levels of protein molecules.

4. Each circle below represents an atom, either Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen or Oxygen; the lines represent covalent bonds. Fill in the circles with the appropriate C, H, N, or O.

Each atom would have connected to the others with a certain number of bonds...

5. Many properties of water are there because of the molecules’ polar nature. Name four such properties, and briefly tell how the polar nature of water produces the property.

6. Below is a ½ strand of DNA. For both of your answers, use that as the starting strand and show:

7. Add five labels to the diagram of a cell shown below.

This was a line drawing of a eukaryote cell showing various structures.

8. List sets of differences between:

BONUS QUESTIONS. 

Answer as many as you are able. Wrong answers will not result in points being lost from the main exam.

Most synthetic (man-made) materials are what sort of organic molecules? Four Points.

Most hormones have to connect to a receptor on the cell membrane, but steroid hormones don’t. Why not? Four Points.

The protein actin found in an ameba is almost identical to the actin in humans. Why? Six Points.

What mistakes did the book apparently make about cells? Four Points each.

What are dangerous about plasmids? Six Points.

For 8 Points, explain how a virus functions.

What do basal bodies and centrioles have in common? Four Points.

What feature of albumin makes it perfect for its function in the blood? Six Points.

How does a rooster’s chromosomes differ from a hen’s? Four Points.

What two areas of human medicine are investigating telomeres? Six Points.

What unusual feature of triple repeats can no one explain? Four Points.