On the line to the left, place the letter of the choice that best answers the question.
NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer. Six Points Each.

1. A molecule would be called a polymer because it is

__________    a. Very large                 b. Organic                 c. A solute 
                        d. A repeating chain         e. A nasty, technical word that confuses everyone

2. The "pull" in muscles is generated by

__________    a. Lipids                     b. Nucleic acids                     c. Proteins 
                        d. Carbohydrates                     e. Microscopic horsies

3. In the molecules of a cell membrane,

__________    a. The hydrophobic ends face out & in, with hydrophilic ends between
                            b. The hydrophilic ends face out & in, with hydrophobic ends between
                            c. The hydrophobic ends face the outside, the hydrophilic ends face the inside of the cell
                            d. The hydrophobic ends face the outside, the hydrophilic ends face the inside of the cell
                            e. It’s a constant party

4. A poison dart frog covers its skin with nasty toxins. More poison leaves the cells and 
                                    enters the poison-rich surface layer by

__________    a. Passive transport             b. Osmosis             c. Coupled channels
                        d. Active transport                 e. Frogs? We learned about frogs???

5. Water has a surface tension that is most closely related to which of water’s properties?

__________    a. Ionization                     b. Cohesion                     c. Adhesion
                        d. Hydration e. Its need for calming medication

6. Transfer RNA would be doing its job in a

__________    a. Nucleus                 b. Ribosome                 c. Golgi body
                        d. Lysosome                                 e. Bus station

7. A solution with a pH of 4 is ________ than a solution with a pH of 5.

__________    a. 5 times more acidic                 b. Twice as basic
                        c. 10 times more acidic               d. 5 times more basic
                                                e. Just as uninteresting

8. Which cell structures are found in at least some members of 4 different Kingdoms, 
                            but not in the others?

__________    a. Nucleus, Plasmids, Cell Membrane
                        b. Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Cilia
                             c. Chloroplasts, Nucleus, Cell Membrane
                        d. Cell Wall, Nucleus, Mitochondria
                        e. Eeny, meeny, miney, moe...

9. The basic pieces of lipid molecules are

__________    a. Amino acids                                         b. Glycerol and amino acids
                        c. Glycerol and fatty acids                        d. Alleles
                                    e. All special-order import items - very expensive

10. The fluid mosaic model is used to describe

__________     a. Osmosis                     b. Membranes                     c. Turgor pressure
                         d. Water freezing                     e. The world during a hangover

11. Dehydration synthesis is a process that could be used to

__________    a. Make starches from sugars                        b. Break down proteins
                             c. Separate DNA bases                                 d. Change solvent levels 
                                    e. Cause student brains to spontaneously combust

SHORT ANSWER.  

Answer any ten of the following questions for 7 Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than ten, only the first ten will be corrected.

1. Explain (don’t just name!) two adaptations to resist osmosis.

2. What are two completely different uses made of lipids by living things?

3. What are two things found in a nucleolus?

4. How is a cell with microvilli different from a cell without them?

5. Give two statements from Schleiden and Schwann’s Cell Theory.

6. What is a hydration shell?

7. What particular feature of protein molecules makes it possible for them to have so many different uses?

8. What exactly is the purpose of endocytosis?

9. What, by the most current definition, makes a molecule organic?

10. What is an allele?

11. Name two cytoskeleton components.

12. What are two specific characteristics that a molecule of epinephrinase ought to have?

13. What seems to be the main reason why cells are limited to a small size?

14. What disadvantage goes with each?

15. Show with arrows how each material below should move, given that the membrane is permeable to them all:

                                                                          50% Water

                                                                        15% Protein

16. Which two cell organelles are most likely to have originated as endosymbionts?

17. In which type of organic molecule is most of the Nitrogen in an organism?

18. What are two different types of jobs that might be done by molecules embedded in the cell membrane?

LONG ANSWER. 

Answer any four of the following questions for 16 Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.

1. Name four membrane-based, internal cell organelles and for each, give its basic function.

2. For each of the answers below, start with the DNA strand given:

mRNA:   _______________________________________________________________________

3. On each line, give 2 cell features that fit.

4. Name and briefly define the four structural levels of proteins.

5. Give the basic reactions, including the types of important energy forms involved:

6. For flagella and cilia, give one similarity they share and three sets of differences between them.

7. Fill in the labels for five of the structures in the diagram.  This was a line drawing of a cell with at least six structures indicated.

Link to ANSWER KEY

BONUS QUESTIONS. 

Answer as many as you are able. Wrong answers will not result in points being lost from the main exam.

What makes local ponds and lakes "turn over" in the fall? Eight Points.

Typical intravenous solutions are saline (salt solutions). Why not use pure water? Six Points.

The one:two:one ratio of atoms in small carbohydrate molecules gets a bit "off" in larger carbohydrate molecules. Why? Six Points.

Why don’t cell membranes usually have receptors for steroid hormones? Six Points.

If DNA codes just for proteins, how are other types of molecules made in the cell? Six Points.

Why are muscle cells multi-nucleated? Six Points.

Why is mitochondrial DNA better for tracking evolution than nuclear DNA? Eight Points.

A doctor gives you antibiotics (bacteria killers) for a virus. How could a disease bacteria you pick up a year later possibly gain a resistance to the antibiotic used that long before? Eight Points.