SC 139 - Fourth Exam 2005

Answer Key

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE.

On the line to the left, place the letter of the choice that best answers the question.
Three Points Each. NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer.

 

1. Why are tapeworms NOT considered to be segmented?

___B___         a. Only segmented worms are segmented
                      b. Proglottids are not in the middle of the worms
                      c. Parasites can’t be segmented
                      d. Backboned animals are not segmented
                      e. They never filled out the proper form

                        ...the repeating parts - segments - in segmented animals are between
                            specialized front and back parts.

 

2. A notochord can be important to

___A___         a. Movement & development                     b. Coordination & digestion
                      c. Feeding & development                         d. Movement & digestion
                                            e. Well, is it a chord or not-?

                        ...it's used as a skeletal element for swimming and for layout of
                            the nervous system.

 

3. The water vascular system of Echinoderms does most of the work that is done in other animals by

___D___         a. Gills             b. Blood vessels             c. Skeleton            d. Muscles
                                                        e. Household servants

                        ...it exerts power.

 

4. Which would have an exoskeleton?

___C___         a. Snail & starfish                 b. Turtle & clam                c. Lobster & spider
                      d. Dog & sunfish            e. The one that had the really big fight with its skeleton

                        ...both are arthropods.

 

5. Metamorphosis is found in

___B___         a. Tapeworms & roundworms                             b. Insects & amphibians
                      c. Snails & insects                                              d. Reptiles & starfish
                                            e. Only the largest dictionaries

                        ...it's a trait found in those groups (caterpillars and tadpoles).

 

6. The most important aspect of bony fishes’ swim bladder is that it

                      a. Helps draw oxygen from the water
                      b. Gives the muscles something to pull against
___D___         c. Could be evolved into a lung
                      d. Helps conserve swimming energy
                      e. Does not produce detectable "warm spots" in the swimming pool

                        ...the fish don't have to work to hold their vertical position -
                            adjustment of the swim bladder keeps them from sinking or
                            rising.

 

7. Open circulation systems are rarely used as the cells’ only source of

___C___         a. Waste removal             b. Nutrients            c. Oxygen
                      d. All of these                            e. Entertainment news

                        ...open systems don't get materials around as efficiently - if there's
                            a large need for oxygen, it can't keep up.

 

8. Which would be endotherms?

___A___         a. Robin and kangaroo                         b. Crocodile and mouse
                      c. Spider and crayfish                          d. Moth and cat
                                      e. I pay no attention to ethnic origins

                        ...there are 2 endotherm groups - birds and mammals.

 

9. The final, critical adaptations for land vertebrates involved

___C___         a. Lungs & glandular skin                     b. Endothermy & endoskeletons
                      c. Amniote eggs & uric acid                 d. Scales & legs
                                          e. Credit cards & remote controls

                        ...it was part of the last step of freeing reproduction from the need
                            of open water.

 

10. Which are echinoderms?

___D___         a. Sea snake & sea squirt                         b. Sea squirt & sea dollar
                      c. Sea slug & sea lily                               d. Sea cucumber & sea urchin
                                          e. Sea squishie & sea fuzzy slipper

                        ...Match the examples to the group.

 

11. Systems that tend to repeat by segments in segmented worms:

___A___         a. Circulatory & excretory                         b. Digestive & muscle
                      c. Skeletal & digestive                              d. Sensory & reproductive
                              e. The systems that were cheap and replaceable

                        ...it may be easier to remember the systems that don't repeat.

 

12. A tube digestive system with two openings allows

___A___         a. More continuous feeding                 b. Coordination with breathing
                      c. Better circulation of nutrients          d. Coordination with movement
                                      e. A greatly lowered "ick" factor

                        ...it's one of the advantages, but not the only one.

 

 

SHORT ANSWER.

Answer any eight of the following questions for 4 Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than eight, only the first eight will be corrected.
You can get partial credit on these answers.

 

1. The two types of appendages on an insect thorax - how many of which types?
Six legs Four wings
2. What are two advantages an endoskeleton has over an exoskeleton?
 It's lighter, allows for larger animals Can grow smoothly - doesn't have to be molted
3. Give two sets of differences, structural or functional, between -

CENTIPEDES

MILLIPEDES
One pair of legs per segment Two pairs of legs per segment
Predators Plant-eaters
Produce poison for prey Produce poison against predators
4. The two main functions of the body cavity in a roundworm -
Skeletal (hydrostatic) Circulation
5. Two features that make lamprey eels fairly unusual animals -
Vertebrate parasites Most of the jawless fish traits, since there are only 2 types in existence
6. Name two separate subgroups of the cartilage fish.
Sharks Rays & Skates
7. Name two subgroups of the placental mammals.
Rodents.
Bats.
Whales.
Hoofed animals.		 Carnivores.
Elephants.
Primates.
8. Give two different groups (more than species-size) of arachnids.
Spiders.
Scorpions.		 Ticks.
Mites.
9. What is a marsupial? Definition, not example.

      ...a mammal whose fetuses finish development in a pouch.
10. Bilateral symmetry is linked to another feature that does not seem related
       This is useful if you got it right when it was asked earlier (which it shouldn't have been).
What         Cephalization
feature?
 		 Why are     Both are associated
they            with single-direction
related?       travel
11. What are two reptile subgroups?
Snakes & Lizards.
Turtles & Tortoises. 		 Crocodiles & Alligators.
12. Two things that can be done by a mollusk mantle -
Breathing chamber.
Propulsion (by squirting).		 Produce shell.
Filter-feeding area.
13. What is one example of an invertebrate chordate?

     ...lancelets or sea squirts / tunicates.
14. What are two facts or features that suggest a close connection between birds and dinosaurs?
 Some dinosaurs had feathers.
Both 2-legged forms.
Both apparently had air spaces in bones.		 Strong skeletal similarities.
Early bird fossil originally classified as dinosaur.
15. Chromatophores are used for what two very different functions?
Camouflage  Communication

 

LONG ANSWER.

Answer any four of the following questions for Eight Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.
You can get partial credit on these answers.
 

1. Give the three sets of differences between the central nerve cords in...

INVERTEBRATES

VERTEBRATES

Double

 Single

on Ventral (Belly) side

 on Dorsal (back) side

 "Solid"

 Hollow

2. What are eight different major subgroups within the arthropods? You can include groups within groups, but they have to be more than species-size groups.

Chelicerates

 Mandibulates

Horseshoe crabs

 Crustaceans

Spiders

 Millipedes

Scorpions

 Centipedes
Ticks Insects
Mites Groups of Insects count, also
3. Give three sets of differences between (don’t say the same thing two ways) -

PROTOSTOMES

DEUTEROSTOMES
Early embryos go through spiral cleavage, where cell divisions produce cells of unequal size. Early embryos go through radial cleavage, where cell divisions produce cells of equal size
 From the very first division, each cell in the early embryo has a "fate" - what it is going to go on to be is set from the start The eventual "fates" of cells are not determined until well into the life of the embryo - for a while, cells could go on and be anything.
 When the embryo is a hollow ball that "puckers" in the process of forming a second, inner layer of cells, the "pucker" site will eventually be the mouth. When the embryo is a hollow ball that "puckers" in the process of forming a second, inner layer of cells, the "pucker" site will eventually be the anus.

4. Two major subgroups of amphibians - each has two "types" within it...

Frogs AND Toads

Salamanders AND Newts

5. For each of the three major subgroups of Mollusks, give the group, and then describe the characteristic form the foot takes in that group.

Clams & Oysters

 Tongue-like, used for pushing and digging

Snails & Slugs

 Large flat cilia-covered bottom

Octopus, Squids, Etc

 Sucker-covered tentacles

6. For four different types of nematodes, give the species or common name and then one feature for each that makes them unusual, even compared to other nematodes.
Ascaris Large;  eggs can last for very long time.
 Hookworms Live in intestine but feed on blood
Pinworms  Live in colon;  common in Americans, especially upper classes
C. elegans  Used for many studies, especially for developmental biology
Trichinella Passes from carnivore to carnivore, coiled in muscles
Heartworms Live in most fast-flowing parts of circulation system
Dracunculus / guinea worms Pass in water but not through fecal contamination;  ancient treatment the basis for medical symbol / caduceus

7. What are four characteristics of birds that can be directly connected to the aspect of flight? (Other than wings, or flight itself)
Feathers (Light flight surfaces) Beak, no teeth (Weight reduction)

Air Spaces (Weight reduction)

 Parental protection of offspring (Until they can fly)
Specialized breastbone for flight muscles Skeleton mostly fused to increase flight power

 

BONUS QUESTIONS ON BACK.

 

No Key for BONUS QUESTIONS.

Answer as many as you are able. Wrong answers will not result in points being lost from the main exam. You can get partial credit on these answers.

Briefly explain why roundworms probably have more species than any other animal phylum. Three Points.

 

Which invertebrates are generally considered the most intelligent? Two Points Each.

 

 

Which group probably would have out-competed our distant ancestors if they had managed to adapt to fresh water? Three Points.

 

What is the very first functional organ in a human embryo? Three Points.

 

Which subgroups (phyla, subphyla, or classes) are almost completely restricted to ocean / marine environments? Two Points Each.

 

 

Lungfish are bad candidates to be like the ancestors of amphibians. For Three Points, why?

 

 

Why can’t the Loch Ness Monster be a plesiosaur or dinosaur? (Other than they’re supposed to be extinct) Three Points.

 

 

Birds show many sexual selection features, more than other animals. Why? Four Points.

 

 

Dimetrodon - the critter with the big back-fin that’s in every pack of toy "dinosaurs" - was most closely related to what modern group of vertebrates? Three Points.

 

Marsupials survived the longest in South America and Australia. For Three Points, explain why.

 
     

 

Michael McDarby.

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