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SC 139 - Fourth Exam 2006
Answer Key
Links on Numbers go to relevant passages in the
online textbook.
Unlinked numbers may be purely from the notes or connect to more than one piece
of information.
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
On the line to the left, place the letter of the choice
that best answers the question.
Three Points Each. NOTE: "e" answers are never the
correct answer.
1. A swim bladder’s main advantage is that it
a. Conserves energy
b. Improves respiration
___A___ c. Is used
as a jet propulsion system
d. Changes the overall shape
e. Helps on those long commutes with no rest rooms available
...it allows bony fish to "hang" at a particular depth without rising, falling,
or
working at it (which is why it saves energy).
2. Which is an example of indirect development?
___D___
a. Protostomes
b. Small crickets –> adult crickets
c. Deuterostomes
d. Caterpillar –> butterfly
e. Biology courses lead to a perfect life (well, it is indirect...)
...where the larvae don't look at all like the adults (crickets are direct
developers).
3. The water vascular system of Echinoderms
does most of the work that is done in other animals by
___D___
a. Gills
b. Blood vessels
c. Skeleton
d. Muscles
e. Household servants
...this hydraulic system produces a lot of the power and movement.
4. Which would have a mantle?
___B___
a. Spider
b. Snail
c. Goldfish d.
Bird
e. I can’t see them even having a fireplace...
...it's a mollusk feature, and the you need to find the mollusk.
5. A sea squirt is most closely related to a
___B___
a. Clam
b. Salamander
c. Sea Cucumber
d. Trematode
e. Swimming pool "accident"
...It's a chordate, and you need to find the other chordate.
6. These both tend to allow for larger size:
___A___
a. Segmentation & endoskeleton
b. Body cavities & circulatory systems
c. Sexual & asexual reproduction
d. Radial symmetry & setae
e. Super TM
sizing and BiggieTM
sizing
...segmentation allows larger bodies to be built with a "simple" repeating
pattern,
and internal skeletons can support a lot of size without getting too heavy
themselves.
7. Which would have an exoskeleton?
___C___
a. Snail & starfish
b. Turtle & clam
c. Lobster & spider
d. Dog & sunfish
e. The one that had the really big fight with its skeleton
...a simple shell isn't an exoskeleton, and arthropods all have exoskeletons.
8. A notochord can be important to
___A___
a. Movement & development
b. Coordination & digestion
c. Feeding & development
d. Movement & digestion
e. Many biology-type questions
...those are the two areas of the two major notochord functions: providing
support
for swimming, and helping the spinal cord to develop.
9. Which would have embryos whose cells divide
unevenly (spiral cleavage)?
___D___
a. Centipedes and goldfish
b. Earthworms and snake
c. Starfish and shark
d. Snail and grasshopper
e. It certainly wouldn’t be polite to ask them, would it?
...find the examples from the protostomes, which is not our (vertebrates')
group.
10. Which two features almost always are found together?
___A___
a. Bilateral symmetry and cephalization
b. Serial homology and radial symmetry
c. Male systems and females systems
d. Legs and backbones
e. Relationships and confusion
...animals with specialized head ends are almost always right-left balanced - it
helps
to keep that head in front during movement.
11. Which are endothermic?
___D___
a. Starfish and squids
b. Lizards and sharks
c. Alligators and turtles
d. Crows and kangaroos e. Sounds like
something you need medication for
...only the birds and mammals (and maybe the dinosaurs) are endothermic groups.
12. The final, critical adaptations for land
vertebrates involved
___C___
a. Lungs & glandular skin
b. Endothermy & endoskeletons
c. Internal fertilization & amniote eggs
d. Scales & legs
e. Sunblock and tropical vacations
...These are features that showed up in the reptiles, that amphibians didn't
have.
SHORT ANSWER.
Answer any eight of the following questions for 4
Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than eight, only the first eight will be
corrected.
You can get partial credit on these answers.
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1. What are two of the
subgroups within the arachnids? |
Spiders
Ticks |
Scorpions
Mites
Daddy Longlegs / Harvestmen |
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2. Give two sets of
differences in the features of: |
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Millipedes |
Centipedes |
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2 pairs of legs per segment
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1 pair of legs per segment |
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Plant eaters / herbivores |
Predators / carnivores |
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Produce defensive poison spray
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Produce offensive poison sting |
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3. What are two completely
different uses for chromatophores? These
are color-changing cells in molluks. |
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Camouflage |
Communication |
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4. Briefly explain why
molting is necessary in arthropods.
...once hardened, the exoskeleton won't grow - it needs to be shed and
replaced with a bigger one in order for the animal to grow.
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5. The insects are divided
up into four basic groupings. What are two of those? |
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Primitive Non-Winged
Primitive Winged |
Modern Non-Winged Modern
Winged |
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6. Give the number and type
of different appendages typically found on the insect thorax. |
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6 legs |
4 wings |
| 7. Many land animals produce
metabolic wastes in the form of uric acid. Why?
...this non-toxic waste
can build up in the sealed eggs of land animals without poisoning the
embryo.
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8. What are two of the
major subgroups of the segmented worms? |
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Polychaete worms
Oligochaete worms |
Leeches |
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9. What are two of the
three major subgroups of mammals? |
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Monotremes / Egg-layers
Marsupials / Pouched |
Placentals / Live-birthers |
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10. What major advantage
is linked to the evolution of a one-way, tube-in-a-tube digestive system,
over the earlier "models?"
...food can be efficiently broken down in steps as it goes through, and
feeding can be fairly continuous (with a sac system, once food's in there
you can't feed more until it's been processed and the leftovers expelled)
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11. What are two different
types of features that DO NOT repeat in segment after segment of
segmented worms? |
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Sensory Organs |
Digestive features |
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12. What are two features
found in segmented worms and arthropods? |
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Segmentation
Ventral double nerve cord
Antennae |
Serial homology Tube
digestive system |
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13. What are the "tetrapods?"
...land vertebrates
(typically with four legs).
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| 14. Metamorphosis is a
common feature in what two class-level groups? |
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Insects |
Amphibians |
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15. What are the two subgroups
of the amphibians? |
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Frogs AND
Toads
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Salamanders AND
Newts |
LONG ANSWER.
Answer any four of the following questions for Eight
Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than four, only the first four
will be corrected.
You can get partial credit on these answers.
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1. For four different types of
nematodes, give the species or common name and then one feature
for each that makes them unusual, even compared to other nematodes. |
Dracunculus |
Migrate under skin; treatment is where medical symbol came from;
described in the Bible and other ancient writings |
Trichinella |
Passes among meat-eaters; larvae curl up in muscles |
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Hookworms |
Live in intestine but eat blood; can come directly in through skin |
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Ascaris |
Can clog intestines; wandering females can plug ducts or emerge
from ends of the digestive system; eggs can last for years |
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Filarial worms |
Live in body's fluid systems; passed by biting insects |
Pinworms |
Live in colon; may not be parasites; females actively migrate
out to lay eggs; common in U.S.; upper class people more likely
to be infected than lower classes |
Caenorhabditis (C) elegans |
Popular research animal; used to study development in animals |
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2. Three major subgroups of reptiles
(still living) - each has two "types" within it... |
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Snakes AND
Lizards |
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Turtles AND
Tortoises |
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Alligators AND
Crocodiles |
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3. Give four fight-related
characteristics of birds, and for each briefly explain how it
relates to fight ability. |
Feathers |
Used for lift, but very light |
Endothermic |
High metabolism can always deliver power for flight |
Air spaces |
Makes whole animal much lighter |
Beaks |
Lack of teeth lightens animals |
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Wings |
Used for actual flying |
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Nesting / Parental Care |
Babies more likely to survive until able to fly |
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Keel-shaped breast bone |
Anchors main flight muscles |
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4. For four of the
major vertebrate groups (the big groups within the vertebrates),
name the group and give one feature that each group has that none
of the others do. |
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Jawless fish |
Have no jaws or paired fins |
Cartilage Fish |
Cartilage skeleton |
Bony Fish |
Swim bladder; gill cover |
Amphibians |
Have larval stage in water, adult on land |
Reptiles |
Scaly skin |
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Birds |
See most of the features in next question
up (except endothermic and wings) |
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Mammals |
Hair / fur; bear live young;
feed young with milky secretions. |
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5. For each of the three major
subgroups of Mollusks, give the group, and then describe
the characteristic form the foot takes in that group. |
Snails and Slugs |
Large, flat, cilia-covered bottom, used
for gliding in slime |
Clams, Oysters, etc. |
Tongue-shaped, used for pushing and
digging |
Octopus, Squid, etc. |
Tentacles with suckers |
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6. For two of the three
subgroups of fish, give the general name of the subgroup, then
two examples of fish types or species within that subgroup.
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Jawless Fish |
Slime Eel / Hagfish |
Lamprey Eel |
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Cartilage Fish |
Shark |
Ray |
Bony Fish |
Almost any fish that people catch and eat
(except sharks) |
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| 7. Give the
three sets of differences between the central nerve cords in... |
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INVERTEBRATES |
VERTEBRATES |
Ventral |
Dorsal |
Cord is "solid" |
Cord is hollow |
2 nerve cords |
One cord |
No Key for BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many as you are able.
Wrong answers will not result in points being lost from the main exam. You can
get partial credit on these answers.
| What is a caduceus
today? Three Points. |
What was a caduceus
originally? Three Points. |
A human embryo goes through a "ball" form that really
is more like a dome. Why? Three Points.
How do leeches generally get their food? Three Points.
Why were there probably no earthworms locally when the
Europeans came? Three Points.
Closed circulation systems usually carry something that
open systems don’t. What? Three Points.
Why are horseshoe crabs today physically identical to
horseshoe crabs from ancient fossils? Three Points.
How is the homology of insect wings different
from any other animals’ wings? Three points.
Why do sharks really have to keep
swimming? Three Points.
The birdlike features of Archaeopteryx were discovered
how? Three Points.
How did museum officials react to the first platypus
specimens sent to them? Three Points.
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