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Second Exam 2002
MULTIPLE CHOICE. On the line to the left, place the
letter of the choice that best answers the question. Links on Numbers go to relevant passages in the online textbook.
1. The very first "living," ancestral molecules had to be able to _______ a. Move around on their own b. Consume others of their kindc. Photosynthesize d. Make copies of themselves e. Exist on a fixed income
2. It is most likely that organisms originally developed waterproofing to _______ a. Keep water out b. Resist poisons c. Keep water ind. Help them breathe e. Make more money on new vehicle sales
3. When chemical evolution occurred, what supplied the raw materials? _______ a. Primitive animals b. Primitive plants c. Primordial soupd. The Sun e. Primitive dumpsters
4. Which is most likely to be a product of homeogenes? _______
a.
Photosynthesis
b. Right and left-side differences e. Sounds like something worn in a bad ‘hood movie
5. In order for plants to adapt to land, they had to have _______ a. Fungus symbionts b. Pollinators c. A new type of photosynthesisd. Leaves e. Signed the proper contracts
6. One of the major changes that Earth went through as early Life evolved:
a. It got much
warmer
b. It dried up
7. Convergent evolution could be used to explain _______
a. "Worm" shapes in many different groups c. Flippers and wings with the same basic bone pattern d. Why flowers are attractive to bees e. How confusing a biology class can be
8. The endosymbiosis theory explains _______ a. Eukaryote cell parts b. Life adapting to land c. Liquid water on Earthd. Photosynthesis e. Why ketchup runs so slowly
9.
Early ideas for how life evolved from Earth’s starting materials ran into
difficulties _______
a. The Earth was only a few thousand years old c. Everything was based upon DNA d. Plants had to evolve first e. No one would pay any attention to what they came up with
10. Stromatolites are fossils of _______ a. Bacteria b. Fungi c. Clams d. Dinosaurse. Not-so-heavy stromatos
11.. Which are considered to be "ticks" in a molecular clock? _______
a. Radioactivity
absorbed
b. New atoms added e. As long as they’re not fleas...
12. The step between single-celled and multi-celled is a type of _______ a. Nucleus b. Symbiont c. Colony d. Prokaryotee. Um...fraction?
SHORT ANSWER. Answer any eight of the following questions for 4
Points Each. 1. Why should evolution follow both a gradual and a punctuated pattern?
2. What is the Gaia Hypothesis?
3. Why is evolution less likely to change features in embryos as groups evolve?
4. RNA is currently the leading "contender" for the first living molecule systems, because it seems better than the other two possibilities. Briefly explain why it’s better than -
5. What are two ways that continental drift could have led to mass extinctions?
6. What are two different ways that an evolving molecule can out-compete another molecule?
7. Two types of ecosystems are likely the places where organisms emerged onto the land:
8. Briefly explain how two structures can be homologous without being analogous. This should include definitions of each term.
9. Name four major groups of organisms that are considered to be "land" groups.
10. When a biologist has a disagreement about how a group is classified...
11. Explain what it means if two species are called type species or ecospecies (both terms mean the same thing).
12. Put these taxonomic groups in the proper order from smallest to largest: class, family, genus, kingdom, order, phylum, species, subfamily.
13. Please translate into actual common English: ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
14. Briefly explain the space seed hypothesis.
LONG ANSWER. Answer any four of the following questions for Eight Points Each. Note: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected. You can get partial credit on these answers. 1. What are four different things that can be compared in order to find evolutionary connections between types of organisms?
2. Put the following steps in chronological order according to the heterotroph hypothesis.
3. When organisms made the move from water environments onto the land, what were four major, different features of life on land that they had to adapt to? Include how these features compared to watery environments.
4. For four of the five Kingdoms of living things described in the course, give the name of the Kingdom and then give a combination of typical features that makes each Kingdom completely distinct from all the others (including the fifth).
5. Give the basic processes (materials can be spelled out rather than as chemical formulas), showing all materials involved as well as energy:
6. Answer about deep sea hydrothermal vents:
BONUS QUESTIONS. Answer as many as you are able. Wrong answers will not result in points being lost from the main exam. You can get partial credit on these answers. What specific type of science, other than evolutionary biology, was Alfred Russel Wallace involved in getting started? Four Points.
What turns out to be the reality of structures that are called vestigial? Four Points.
The book includes a particular group in a Kingdom, but it’s a questionable call. For Four Points, which group, in which Kingdom?
How could certain clays have been the first "living" things, according to theory? Four Points.
How could clays have led to more "normal" life? Four Points.
How was it discovered that stromatolites were not natural rock formations? Four Points.
What is "Nemesis" (Two Points), and what is it supposed to do (Four Points)?
Why haven’t land animals that have gone back into the water, like turtles or penguins or whales, evolve gills so that they can breathe underwater? Four Points.
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